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This paper presents investigations on the tribological behaviour of PTFE composites against steel at cryogenic temperatures. The results showed that the friction coefficient decreases with temperature down to 77 K, but did not follow a linear evolution further down to extreme low temperatures. It can be stated that the cryogenic environment has a significant influence on the tribological performance of the polymer composites. The effect of low temperatures was more clearly detected at low sliding speed, where friction heat is reduced. A change in wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive was observed in this case. SEM and AFM analyses showed that the PTFE matrix composites investigated under these experimental conditions have transferred material onto the disc down to very low temperatures. Chemical analyses indicate the presence of iron fluorides.
The sliding performance of PEEK composites was investigated in vacuum environment. Tests were performed with carbon fibre reinforced PEEK composites filled with PTFE, and MoS2 or graphite as further solid lubricant. Polymer samples were tested in a pin-on-disc configuration continuously sliding against CrNi-steel. Depending on sliding speed and temperature, the MoS2 filled composites showed high wear resistance and friction coefficients as low as PVD coatings.
The tribological characteristics of pure and graphite filled polymers were investigated in gaseous hydrogen at ambient temperatures and in LH2 at -253°C. It could be shown that the tribological properties of PI and PEEK materials is related to the formation of a transfer film. The influence of both hydrogen and cryogenic temperatures will be discussed in the presentation.
High performance polymer composites have been intensively investigated for tribological applications in air, but rarely in hydrogen environment. Author's previous benchmark of composites in liquid hydrogen (LH2) showed that graphite filled polymers have beneficial friction behaviour in this extreme condition. Therefore, further investigations have been undertaken in hydrogen environment. This paper presents first results obtained with polyimide composites filled with different types (natural, synthetic) and amounts of graphite in air, vacuum and hydrogen environments. A particular attention is taken to the influence of hydrogen on graphite as well as on the polymer matrix.
Ensuring a sustainable energy supply is currently one of the most important areas for industry and research institutions. Hydrogen technology is a promising candidate, but its broad extension requires extremely high reliability and safety in all areas for common applications as automobiles and stationary fuel cells. Particularly components containing tribosystems are critical parts.
The tribological behaviour of MoS2/ta-C double layer coatings deposited by Laser-Arc technology was investigated in vacuum and air. In vacuum environment, the friction coefficient against steel balls varies between 0.005 and 0.02 depending on the contact pressure. At high contact pressures, the friction coefficient is as low as 0.005 and the life time between 340,000 and 500,000 cycles. Furthermore, it is shown that a ta-C base layer improves the performance of MoS2 coating.
Surface analyses were performed before and after the tribological tests by means of SEM, EDX, XRD, and TEM. They show that in the top layer beneath the sliding surface crystallization of the initially quasi-amorphous MoS2 took place. TEM images also verified an orientation of the basal MoS2-lattice planes parallel to the surface.
Polymers are extensively used for sliding systems in cryogenic applications because of their favourable friction and wear behaviour in the absence of external lubrication. Since important new technologies are based on applications under extreme conditions, such as at low temperatures, new requirements on material properties, in particular regarding their operability and reliability, must be met. Up to now, most tribological investigations have been carried out in inert cryogens or cryogenic gas (He, N2). Few experiments have been performed in vacuum environment at cryogenic temperatures. Rarely were testing in reactive media, such as LH2 or LOX. Due to the wide range of operating conditions in cryogenic applications, it is difficult to state general rules. Therefore, this chapter tends to give an overview on theories and experimental studies on polymer tribology at cryogenic temperatures.