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- Amorphous Surface (1)
- Aragonite (1)
- Asphaltstraße (Oberbau) (1)
- Bitmuinöses Mischgut (1)
- Bitumen (1)
- Bituminous binders (1)
- Core-clusters (1)
- FTIR-ATR (1)
- Identification and quantification of additives (1)
- Magnetic hyperthermia (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Clustering of magnetic nanoparticles can drastically change their collective magnetic properties, which in turn may influence their performance in technological or biomedical applications. Here, we investigate a commercial colloidal dispersion (FeraSpinTMR), which contains dense clusters of iron oxide cores (mean size around 9 nm according to neutron diffraction) with varying cluster size (about 18–56 nm according to small angle x-ray diffraction), and its individual size fractions (FeraSpinTMXS, S, M, L, XL, XXL). The magnetic properties of the colloids were characterized by isothermal magnetization, as well as frequency-dependent optomagnetic and AC susceptibility measurements. From these measurements we derive the underlying moment and Relaxation frequency distributions, respectively. Analysis of the distributions shows that the clustering of the initially superparamagnetic cores leads to remanent magnetic moments within the large clusters. At frequencies below 105 rad s−1, the relaxation of the clusters is dominated by Brownian (rotation) relaxation. At higher frequencies, where Brownian relaxation is inhibited due to viscous friction, the clusters still show an appreciable magnetic relaxation due to internal moment relaxation within the clusters. As a result of the internal moment relaxation, the colloids with the large clusters (FSL, XL, XXL) excel in magnetic hyperthermia experiments.
Development of a test system for identifying the bitumen type and the modifier used in a reclaimed asphalt Da Polymer-, Gummi-, wachs- und mehrfachmodifizierte Bitumen seit Jahren im Asphaltstraßenbau eigesetzt werden, kommen diese vermehrt im Ausbauasphalt vor. Zur Bewertung des Ausbauasphalts ist es daher notwendig, die Modifizierungen an der Mischanlage zu identifizieren. Die Ausbildung des Bindemittelsacks beim Erweichungspunkt Ring und Kugel ist charakteristisch für die Modifizierung. Hierdurch können wachsmodifizierte Bitumen (WmB) recht präzise und Polymermodifizierten Bitumen (PmB) teilweise identifiziert werden. Mittels Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) werden die Schmelztemperaturen der Wachse erfasst. Hierdurch können WmB identifiziert und die Wachsarten unterschieden werden. Die Analytik mittels Dynamischem Scherrheometer (DSR) startet mit der Bestimmung der Äquisteifigkeitstemperatur EG*T. Bei EG*T werden Frequenz-, Amplituden- und MSCR-Tests durchgeführt. Die Grenze des LVE-Bereichs dient der Identifizierung von WmB. Anhand der Kennwerte bei 0,1 Hz können PmB erkannt werden. Die Rückformung (MSCRT) dient der Identifizierung von Mehrfachmodifizierungen. Da Gummimodifizierte Bitumen (GmB) bei der Extraktion erkannt werden, können alle Modifizierungsarten identifiziert werden. In den FTIR-Spektren (Fourier-Transformations-Infrarotspektroskopie) der modifizierten Bitumen verursachen einige Polymere und Wachse charakteristische Banden, wodurch diese erkannt werden. Die Identifizierung der übrigen Additive erfolgt mithilfe einer multivariaten Auswertung, wodurch mit Ausnahme der GmB (nicht erforderlich) alle Additive erkannt werden. An Stichproben konnte zudem eine Abgrenzung von Mehrfachmodifizierungen sowie eine Abschätzung der Zugabemenge erreicht werden. DSR und FTIR ermöglichen beide eine schnelle, einfache und zielsichere Identifizierung der Bitumenmodifizierungen. Durch die FTIR-Analytik können die Modifizierungen mit der größtmöglichen Präzision bestimmt werden. Die DSR-Analytik erlaubt dafür zusätzlich eine baupraktische Bewertung der Bindemittel.
As polymer, rubber, wax and multi-modified bitumen are used for asphalt road construction since many years, they increasingly occur in reclaimed asphalt. To assess the reclaimed asphalt, it is therefore necessary to identify the modifications in the mixing plants. The formation of the binder bag at softening point ring and ball is characteristic for modification. In this way, wax modified bitumen (WmB) can be identified rather precisely and to a less extent polymer modified bitumen (PmB) can also be identified. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to record the melting temperatures of the waxes. In this way, WmB can be identified and a differentiation can be made between the wax types. The analysis by means of the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) starts with the determination of the equi-stiffness temperature EG*T. Frequency-, amplitude- and MSCR-tests are performed at EG*T. The limit of the LVE range is used to identify WmB. PmB can be identified based on the characteristic values at 0.1 Hz. Creep recovery (MSCRT) is used to identify multi-modifications. As rubber modified bitumen (GmB) is identified on extraction, all types of modification can therefore be identified. Several polymers and waxes cause characteristic bands in the FTIR spectra (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) of modified bitumen, which enables the identification of these additives. The other additives except the GmB (not necessary) can be identified by means of multivariate model. Further, due to random evaluations, the differentiation between single- and multi-modification as well as the estimation of the content of some additives is possible. DSR and FTIR both enable fast, simple and accurate identification of the bitumen modification. The modification can be determined with the greatest possible precision by using FTIR analysis. On the other hand, DSR analysis allows additional practical assessment of the binder on site.
Bitumen is a crucial building material in road construction, which is exposed to continuously higher stresses due to higher traffic loads and changing climatic conditions. Therefore, various additives are increasingly being added to the bitumen complicating the characterisation of the bituminous binder, especially concerning the reuse of reclaimed asphalt.
Therefore, this work aimed to demonstrate that the combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with attenuated total reflexion (ATR) technique and multivariate evaluation is a very wellsuited method to reliable identify and quantify additives in bituminous binders. For this purpose, various unmodified and modified binders, directly and extracted from laboratory and reclaimed asphalts, were investigated with FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. The determined spectra, pre-processed by standard normal variate (SNV) transformation and the determination of the 1st derivation, were evaluated using factor Analysis (FA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and partial least square regression (PLSR). With this multivariate evaluation, first, a significant model with a very high hit rate of over 90% was developed allowing for the identification of styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBC), ethylene-copolymer bitumen (ECB) and different waxes (e.g. amide and Fischer-Tropsch wax) even if the additives do not show any additional peaks or the samples are multi-modified. Second, a quantification of the content is possible for SBC, ECB, and Amide wax with a mean error of RMSE B 0.4 wt% and a
coefficient of determination of R2[90%. Based on these results, FTIR identification and quantification of additives in bituminous binders is a very promising method with a great potential.