Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
Schlagworte
- Crystal structure (7)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (3)
- Molecular conformation (3)
- Aza-enamines (2)
- Heterocycles (2)
- Macrocycles (2)
- Photophysik (2)
- X-ray structure (2)
- (Carboxymethyl)dimethylundecylammonium bromide (1)
- 1,3,4-Oxadiazole (1)
Diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DPO) crystallization experiments from solutions clearly reveal the polymorphism of the substance. Besides the formerly known centrosymmetric monoclinic structure with space group P21/c (DPO I) a new monoclinic structure with the non-centrosymmetric space group Cc is found (DPO II): a=2.4134(4) nm, b=2.4099(3) nm, c=1.2879(2) nm,?=110.048(3)°, and V=7.0363(17) nm3. The asymmetric unit contains six independent molecules in a complex packing motif. A re-determination of the crystal structure of DPO I at room temperature gives lattice parameters a=0.51885(6) nm, b=1.8078(2) nm, c=1.21435(14) nm, ?=93.193(3)°, and V=1.1373(2) nm3. X-ray measurements at 363 K show a significant increase of the unit cell volume by 1.6%. Differences between both structures concerning morphology and characteristic Raman bands are outlined in detail. DSC investigations show an irreversible transition from DPO I to DPO II at 97 °C. DPO II does not show any transition in the temperature range up to the melting point at 141 °C. The non-centrosymmetric DPO II structure shows triboluminescence.
Crystal structures of four different di-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds (aryl = 2-pyridyl-, 3-pyridyl-, 2-aminophenyl-, 3-aminophenyl-) are determined. Crystallization of di(2-pyridyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole yielded monoclinic and triclinic polymorphs. The structures are characterized by the occurrence of ππ interactions. Additionally, in case of the aminophenyl compounds intra- as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonds are found that influence the packing motif as well. Since these molecules are often used as ligands in metalorganic complexes similarities and differences of the molecular conformation between the molecules in the pure crystals and that of the ligands in the complexes are discussed.
Three new compounds have been synthesized based on the molecular motif 2-[2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole, with subsequent CF3-substitution in the ortho-positions of the phenylene ring. The crystal structures of the compounds have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. All compounds have a monoclinic structure. The solid state structure of the compounds is influenced by the electronic properties of the fluorine atoms, leading to the occurrence of CH...F, and CF...ϖ interactions, partly replacing ϖϖ interactions usually observed in the crystal structures of 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives. Other significant interactions than those involving fluorine appear only in rare cases. The strong impact of the fluorine atoms on the intra- and intermolecular interactions, and the molecular conformation lead to novel inputs for the understanding of molecular recognition, supramolecular assembly, and crystal packing of fluorine containing compounds.
Poly(ether-sulfone)s having an identical backbone were prepared by four different methods. First, silylated bisphenol A (BSBA) was polycondensed with 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl sulfone (DFDPS) and K2CO3 in N-methylpyrrolidone with variation of the temperature. Second, analogous polycondensation were conducted using CsF as catalyst (and no K2CO3). Third, CsF-catalyzed polycondensations BSBA and DFDPS were conducted in bulk up to 290 C. Fourth, free bisphenol was polycondensed with DFDPS or 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone and K2CO3 in DMSO with azeotropic removal of water. MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy revealed that the first method mainly yielded cyclic poly(ether-sulfone)s which were detected up to masses around 13 000 Da. These and other results suggest that these polycondensations take a kinetically kontrolled course at tempeatures 145 C. This interpretation is also valid for the fourth method where high yields of cycles were obtained with DFDPS. With the less reactive 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone lower conversions, lower molecular weights and lower fractions of cycles were found. In contrast to KF (resulting from K2CO3) CsF cleaves the poly(ether sulfone) backbone at temperatures > 145 C. Smaller amounts of smaller cycles were found in these CsF-catalyzed polycondensations which were in this case the result of thermodynamically controlled "back-biting degradation".
Summary. The coupling of the three liquid chromatographic modes with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is suitable for the determination of the molecular, functional, and chemical heterogeneities of Si polymers. Silsesquioxanes and siloxanes serve as examples for this method of structure identification. The substance specific construction of the SEC calibration curve by means of MALDI-MS is shown.
Zusammenfassung. Die Kopplung der drei flüssigchromatographischen Modi mit MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie ist zur Bestimmung der molekularen, funktionalen und chemischen Verteilungen von Si-Polymeren geeignet. Silsesquioxane und Siloxane dienen als Beispiele für diese Art der Strukturerkennung. Die substanzspezifische Konstruktion einer SEC-Eichkurve mit Hilfe der MALDI-MS wird gezeigt.
2,2-Dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dioxepane (DSDOP) was polycondensed with bis(4-chlorothiophenyl) suberat under various reaction conditions, but only moderate molecular weights (Mn 10000) were obtained. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrosmetry revealed the formation of cyclic oligo- and polyesters in addition to linear species having OH, CO2H, and unreacted 4-chlorothiophenyl ester endgroups.
Furthermore, -Caprolactone (-CL) was polymerized with DSDOP as the initiator at monomer/initiator (M/I) ratios of 20 and 50. The resulting tin-containing macrocyclic polylactones were reacted with sebacic acid bis(4-thiocresyl)ester at three different temperatures and with different reaction times. Analogous polycondensations were conducted with suberic acid bis(4-chlorothiophenyl) ester. The presence of thioarylester endgroups in the isolated polyesters was checked by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The highest conversions were found at long reaction times (24 or 72 hours), or after the addition of pyridine and N,N-dimethylaminopyridine as catalysts. Despite high conversions, the number average molecular weights (Mn's) did not exceed values around 20000. Even in the samples having the highest molecular weights, unreacted 4-chlorothiophenylester endgroups were detected by GPC measurements evaluated with a UV-detector. It is concluded that both factors, cyclization and incomplete conversion, contribute to the limitation of the chain growth.
Chemical heterogeneities and molecular weight distributions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-co-polymethylene (PM) model oligomers, which are relevant to the synthesis of commonly used tensides, were investigated. For analytical characterization, the well-known principle of liquid adsorption chromatography at 'critical conditions' (LACCC) was modified. Near the critical conditions of adsorption of the PEO unit, e.g., at slight adsorption conditions of PM, the copolymers could be separated according to their PM chain length. The eluates were separated and single fractions of each peak were continuously transferred onto the MALDI target by means of a commercially available device. Simultaneously, the MALDI matrix solution was continuously added with a second pump. This procedure offers the possibility of the formation of homogeneous matrix-polymer textures. By MALDI-MS a complete characterization of the chemical composition (PEO and PM chain length) of each peak could be achieved. The obtained MALDI mass spectra of the eluates at different retention times could be used for the molecular weight calibration of the LAC system. In this way, an additional application of SEC, as in conventional 2D-chromatography, was avoided by using the MALDI method as quasi chromatographic separation