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Damage mechanisms analysis of reinforced concrete beams in bending using non-destructive testing
(2019)
Beams that are loaded in transverse direction are one of the main structural elements used in reinforced concrete structures. Bending beams are used, for example, in bridge girders or joists. The strength related failure modes at maximum loading can be divided into bending and shear failure that could occur with or without indication. Conventional design concepts used in practice for designing structural elements subjected to bending aim at failure modes with sufficient indication (e.g. large deflections or cracks), as it occurs in the case of secondary flexure-compression-failure. These indicators can also be used to identify structural changes of civil infrastructure systems (e.g. bridges) using non-destructive testing methods for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). However, profound knowledge on the determining failure modes of bending beams is required for the reliable application of structural health monitoring. Therefore, resulting effects of different thermal and mechanical loads on the response of a structure are investigated by means of a bridge demonstrator. The results of this investigation are used for developing a monitoring system. Different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods have been used for analyzing the deformation behavior of a reinforced concrete beam in bending. The suitability of the different measuring techniques will be discussed by means of the obtained experimental results. For this purpose, the deformation behavior of a reinforced concrete beam having a span of 2.75 m was investigated in a four-point bending flexural test at laboratory scale. The focus is on the characterization of determining failure modes by the NDT methods and the comparison with classical measuring techniques (e.g. deformation measurements by displacement transducers). The bending tests have been accompanied by Acoustic Emission analysis (AE), optical deformation measurements using Stereophotogrammetry (SP) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The conducted tests have shown that the three-dimensional detection of deformations and resulting strains with optical techniques is beneficial for analyzing the damage mechanism of loaded structures and related crack formation and propagation. Optical techniques can be supplemented by acoustic emission testing which gives detailed information on crack formation and progressing damage. The combination of both techniques offers the application as efficient monitoring system for larger structures.
Design of a cementitious coating system for corrosion protection: Phase 1 binder materials selection
(2014)
This paper presents the first results of an ongoing research project on the development of a cementitious thin layer coating system with high resistance against chloride penetration and carbonation. It is intended to display the decision process used for selecting raw materials as well as the conclusions based on test results and theoretical deliberations. In this phase, only the influence of the binder materials was analyzed concerning mechanical properties. The system should enhance the durability of new and old concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments, be based on market available materials and fulfill the requirements of the German guideline for concrete repair (Rili-SIB).
Reinforced concrete buildings are frequently damaged by cracks, spalling and corroded
reinforcement bars. The present article focuses on the damage analysis of one of the first
buildings in Berlin that was constructed using reinforced lightweight concrete, which makes it
historically important. The compressive strength, carbonation depth, location and diameter of
reinforcement bars as well as moisture and salt profiles were determined. The carbonationinduced corrosion of the reinforcement bars represented the main damage of the building.
Certified repair mortars with lightweight aggregates (LWA) do not exist on the German
market. Therefore, an appropriate repair mortar was developed in accordance with DIN EN
1504 and the German guideline for the repair and protection of concrete structures (RL-SIB).
On the one hand, historic preservation requirements, such as: colour of the mortar,
possibilities of surface patterning, maximum preservation of the original substance and
reversibility of any Intervention must be met. On the other hand, technical requirements of the
relevant Standards must be achieved. The developed mix was designed to resist the identified
causes of deterioration. Thermal strains within the repair mortar and between the repair
mortar and the Substrate influence the crack formation and thus the durability. Therefore,
special attention was paid to the bonding and shrinking behaviour of the concrete repair
System. By using polymers, both hardened mortar properties and durability were influenced
positively.
Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (KWG) gilt als eine der wichtigsten Sehenswürdigkeiten Berlins in der City West und als ein herausragendes Beispiel für die „Dalle de Verre“ Verglasungen in sakralen Gebäuden. Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich der Fassade und den Glasfenstern des neuen Glockenturms, wobei die beschriebenen Szenarien aufgrund der annähernd gleichen Bauweise der restlichen neuen Baukörper in weiten Teilen starke Analogien aufweisen und insofern übertragbar sind.
The high demand for sustainable and durable building materials requires profound knowledge on the material properties. In this respect, the phenomena occurring at nano-level are of crucial importance for the design of new building materials. Therefore, all around the world, increasing amounts of funding are being directed to research projects dealing with material properties on nano-level, which is claimed to have tremendous potential for the future. One of the most referred to and used cementitious nano-material is amorphous silica with a particle size in the nano-range, even though its application and effects on concrete have not been fully understood yet. Olivine (Mg,Fe)2Si04 is the fastest weathering siiicate mineral dissolving easily in acid. Düring dissolution in acid the metallic ions (Mg2+,Fe2+) are replaced by H+, yielding Si(OH)4 monomers and metallic ions in solution. After cleaning treatments an amorphous nano-silica is obtained. The produced olivine nano-silica (OnS) has a specific surface area between 100 and 400 m2/g, the size of the primary particles, which are agglomerated in Clusters, ranges from 10 to 25 nm and the impurity content is below 5 % IV. Literature related with the application of OnS in cement based materials is scarce; only one research work performed by Justnes and Ostnor 121 is available. Thus, the effect of adding OnS in cement based Systems has been not studied. Based on this, the present research aims on elucidating the effects of OnS in the fresh and hardened state of cement pastes and mortars.
Effects of amorphous nano-silica additions on mechanical and durability performance of SCC mixtures
(2012)
In the recent years the application of nanotechnology in building materials has increased
exponentially. One of the most referred and used nano-materials is amorphous silica with
particles size in the nano-range, even though its application and effect in concrete has not been
fully understood yet. It has been reported that nano-silica (nS) addition increases the
compressive strength and reduces the overall permeability of hardened concrete due to the
pozzolanic properties which are resulting in finer hydrated phases (C-S-H gel) and densified
microstructure (nano-filler and anti leaching effects). These effects enhance the durability of
concrete structures such as bridges, quays or off-shore oil facilities in marine environments.
In this study two different types of nano-silica were applied in self-compacting concrete (SCC),
both having similar particle size distributions (PSD) but produced in two different processes
(fumed powder silica and precipitated silica in colloidal suspension). The influence of nanosilica
on SCC was investigated with respect to the properties of concrete in the fresh state
(workability) and hardened state (mechanical properties and durability). Additionally, the
densification of microstructure of the hardened concrete was verified by SEM and EDS analyses.
The obtained results demonstrate that an efficient use of nano-silica in SCC can improve its
mechanical properties and durability. Considering the reactivity of the two nano-silica studied,
colloidal type shown more reactivity at early age, which influenced all the final SCC properties.
Concrete-glass windows or commonly referred to as “Dalle de Verre” windows are prevalent in historical monuments across Europe. “Dalle de Verre” windows were made by placing cut stained glasses, of various shapes and sizes, into a steel reinforced concrete frame. In addition to the steel reinforcement, a few steel wires run across the concrete elements to hold the glass windows into place. Much of these structures have been damaged due to carbonation of the thin concrete covers and consequent corrosion of the steel reinforcement; and exhibit several cracks due to the expansive nature of corrosion products formed at the steel–concrete interface. This study focussed on understanding the efficacy of electrochemical realkalisation in reinstating the passive state of the steel reinforcement embedded in such concrete glass windows. Simulant “Dalle de Verre” windows (representative of windows at Kaiser-Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche) were produced using different cements with a water/cement ratio of 0.6 and carbonated under accelerated conditions. Post carbonation, the concrete glass windows were electrochemically realkalised using a sacrificial anode. The influence of highly alkaline conditions due to electrochemical realkalisation on the glass-concrete interface has also been investigated. This study shows that the passive state of the steel reinforcement in “Dalle de Verre” windows, particularly at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche (memorial church) in Berlin, can be reinstated using the electrochemical realkalisation method.
Entwicklung eines PCC-Leichtmörtels zur Instandsetzung einer denkmalgeschützten Sichtbetonfassade
(2015)
Der Schutz und Erhalt der Originalsubstanz stehen im Mittelpunkt jeglicher denkmalpflegerischer Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen. Das äußere Erscheinungsbild spielt hierbei - im Gegensatz zur klassischen Betoninstandsetzung - eine größere Rolle. Nichtsdestotrotz dürfen die technischen Belange auch hier nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Die Ermittlung des Ist- und Sollzustands stellt die Grundlage einer dauerhaften Instandsetzung dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Schäden und Schadensursachen an einem denkmalgeschützten Gebäude in Leichtbetonbauweise auf. Das Bauwerk wurde hinsichtlich seines Schädigungsgrads, -umfangs und der maßgeblichen Schadensursachen untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen wurden gehäuft Risse, Abplatzungen und Bewehrungskorrosion festgestellt. Die durch eine Brettschalung strukturierte Sichtbetonfassade soll im Zuge der Instandsetzungsmaßnahme möglichst originalgetreu wiederhergestellt werden.
Bei der Auswahl von geeigneten Instandsetzungsmethoden und -produkten konnte aufgrund fehlender Normen und Richtlinien für die Instandsetzung von denkmalgeschützten Leichtbetonbauten nicht auf bereits existierende Produkte und Methoden zurückgegriffen werden. Daher wurde in Anlehnung an die Richtlinie "Schutz und Instandsetzung von Betonbauteilen" (RL SIB) des DAfStB eine polymermodifizierte Betonergänzungsmasse mit leichter Gesteinskörnung entwickelt. Ausgehend von der Hauptschadensursache, der karbonatisierungsinduzierten Bewehrungskorrosion, wurden erforderliche Eigenschaften der Betonergänzungsmasse in enger Absprache mit der zuständigen Denkmalschutzbehörde und dem involvierten Fachplaner abgestimmt. Neben den grundlegenden mechanischen Eigenschaften spielen in diesem Anwendungsfall spezielle Eigenschaften wie z.B. farbliehe Anpassung der Betonergänzungsmasse, Möglichkeit der Oberflächenstrukturierung, Zeitfenster der Verarbeitbarkeit sowie die Modellierbarkeit eine wichtige Rolle. Der entwickelte PCC-Leichtmörtel berücksichtigt dabei auch den Einfluss einer geringen Schwind- und Quellneigung der Betonergänzungsmasse um Delaminierung infolge unterschiedlicher Längenänderungen zu vermeiden und somit eine dauerhafte Instandsetzung zu gewährleisten. Weiterhin wurde das Verbundverhalten des entwickelten PCCL Leichtmörtels für unterschiedliche Schichtaufbauten untersucht.
Ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concretes (UHPFRCs) are most suitable for applications with extreme mechanical loads. These extreme conditions require ductile behavior under tensile loading, which is obtained solely by the working mechanism of steel fibers. Profound knowledge on the working mechanism of the steel fibers is necessary to optimize this material. Usually, this knowledge is obtained by means of classical destructive measuring techniques. Adopting measuring techniques from non-destructive material testing helps to analyze and to identify the different stages of the fracture mechanism of UHPFRC in detail. The application of different non-destructive measuring techniques is shown exemplary on tensile tests conducted on an UHPFRC mix and its applicability for analyzing the fracture behavior of such concretes is discussed. The main focus is on the characterization of the relevant failure modes under tensile loading by the different measuring techniques and the comparison with classical measuring techniques (e.g. extensometer). The tensile tests have been analyzed by optical deformation measurements using digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission analysis (AE), and 3D computed tomography (CT).
At present, Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) operating in onshore and offshore wind farms are primary sources of renewable energy around the world. Cylindrical grouted sleeve connections are usually adopted in these WTG structures to connect the upper structure and foundation for ease of installation. These structures including grouted connections experience considerable adverse loading during their lifetimes. Settlements were reported inside similar connections used in energy structures especially oil and gas platforms, which were installed in last three decades. Thus, repair and rehabilitation of such connections in existing wind structures should also be planned ahead to keep them operating in the future. The nature of failure and crack generation in grouted connections are crucial prior to adopt a strengthening strategy. This pilot study is carried out to actualize the failure mechanism in the grouted connection, when subjected to axial loading. A novel reusable scaled cylindrical grouted connection with shear keys was designed and tested for its load bearing behaviour. The mechanical test was accompanied by classical measuring techniques (e.g. displacement transducer) as well as non-destructive measuring techniques (e.g. digital image correlation (DIC), acoustic emission analysis (AE)). The failure mechanism incorporating slippage of the shear keys and cracking of the grout was investigated. The capacity and applicability of such test mould were also discussed. The knowledge is expected to pave way towards repair of deteriorated grouted connections with similar geometry and failure pattern.