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- BAM-Zulassung (1)
- Biomineralisierung (1)
- Bottom ash (1)
- CE-Kennzeichnung (1)
- Cadmium (1)
- Complex environmental samples (1)
- Deponieverordnung (1)
- Geokunststoffe (1)
- Grundwasser (1)
- Hausmüllverbrennungsasche (1)
Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) consists of eiemental metals in considerable amounts. The fine fraction < 4 mm additionally contains chemically bound metals (oxides, carbonates, Silicates). Separation prospects with techniques as in ore processing (flotation, density separation, bioleaching, hydrothermal solution) are discussed. During alteration after wet extraction mineral material with hydraulic properties form coatings on almost all particles of the bottom ash and complicate separation procedures. ln addition bottom ash from MSWI is a heterogeneaus material. For sufficient enrichment different concerted treatment steps seemed to be essential associated with an uncertainty of economic viability. The utilisation of metal compounds present in bottom ash as secondary raw material depends on the energy- and resource-efficiency of the enrichment processes. Therefore energy and material flow considerations are presented.
Seit 1829 wird die Farbe Cadmium Gelb in der Malerei verwendet, Cadmium Rot seit 1907. Wegen ihrer Klarheit und Leuchtkraft werden diese Farben von vielen Künstlern geschätzt. Aus Schweden kommt nun der Vorstoß, die Cadmium-Farben zu verbieten, weil das Schwermetall Cadmium zur Verunreinigung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen führen könnte. Sie beraten die Europäische Chemikalienagentur ECHA, die für das Verbotsverfahren zuständig ist. Müssen Künstler in naher Zukunft auf Cadmium Gelb und Cadmium Rot verzichten?
Im ersten Teil dieses Aufsatzes wurde gezeigt, dass nur ein Teil der für den Deponiebau wesentlichen technischen Eigenschaften in den europäisch harmonisierten Bauproduktnormen DIN EN 13252 und DIN EN 13257, die der CE-Kennzeichnung der Geotextilien (GTX) und geotextilverwandten Produkte (GTP) zugrunde liegen, erfasst werden. Um eine im Wesentlichen vorhandene Gleichwertigkeit der Produkteigenschaften überhaupt abwägen zu können, müssen aber sämtliche relevanten Eigenschaften bekannt sein. Dies erfordert für CE-gekennzeichnete Produkte zusätzliche Prüfungen auf der Grundlage der DepV-Liste der Kriterien und Einwirkmechanismen (Anhang 1, Nummer 2.1.1, DepV). In diesem Teil werden die Tabellen C1 und C2 sowie die Tabelle D aus dem ersten Teil, in denen die Eigenschaften der harmonisierten europäischen Normen (hEN) den Anforderungen der DepV gegenübergestellt wurden, in technischer Hinsicht näher erläutert.
Effective cleanup of groundwater contaminated with radionuclides using permeable reactive barriers
(2015)
The mining of natural resources always causes environmental impacts such as land use, large quantities of waste, destruction of habitat, impairment of groundwater regime, and quite possibly contamination of soil, water, or air (Dudka and Adriano 1997). The environmental impact of mining cannot be estimated easily. The concept of total material requirement (TMR) is an attempt to quantify the environmental impact of materials. TMR is the sum of domestic and imported primary natural resources and their hidden flows (Adriaanse et al. 1997). Hidden flows are often not considered in environmental analyses because they are attributed with no cost. However, overburden from mining, earth moving for construction, and soil erosion are major sources of ecological damage. From the mining of minerals to the final products, a number of process steps take place (exploration, mine site development, extraction, milling, washing, concentration, smelting, refining, fabrication), each step being connected to other input flows such as energy or other resources. The hidden flows for metals related to metal ore mining have been investigated by Halada et al. (2001). Table 9.1 lists the data for some metals, together with the data for some other minerals and fuels. The TMR in the United States in the 1990s was between 80 and 100 tonnes per capita; in the European Union (EU-15) approximately 50 tonnes per capita (Bringezu 2002).
In Deutschland fallen aktuell über 5 Mio. Tonnen Hausmüllverbrennungsaschen (HMVA) pro Jahr an. Aus diesen werden nur ca. 8 % Metalle (davon ca. 1 % NE-Metalle) zurückgewonnen. Zur Beurteilung des Wertstoffpotentials werden die HMVA nach standardisierten Vorschriften beprobt, für die Analytik vorbehandelt/vorbereitet/aufgearbeitet und auf ihre Inhaltsstoffe analysiert. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag wird der Schwerpunkt auf die Probenvorbehandlung und -vorbereitung gelegt, wobei der Merkmalstransfer von der Ausgangs-(Feld-)Probe über die Laborprobe und die Prüfprobe bis zur Mess-(Analysen-) Probe am Beispiel von NE-Metallen einer nassaufbereiteten HMVA untersucht wurde. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Hilfe statistischer Methoden bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Verteilung der NE-Metalle in den einzelnen Schritten der Probenbehandlung elementspezifisch ist. Bei Blei ist ein Erhalt der Merkmalsverteilung über alle Behandlungsschritte erkennbar. Bei Kupfer nehmen die Konzentrationen in den aufeinander folgenden Behandlungsschritten deutlich ab. Die Ursache könnte das in der Feinfraktion enthaltene metallische Kupfer mit seinen spezifischen Eigenschaften sein. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More than 5 billion tons of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (MSWI BA) are generated by incineration per year in Germany. Currently only 8 % of metals (of these 1 % are non-ferrous metals) are recovered from MSWI BA. For characterization of recovery potential, MSWI BA samples have to be taken, pre-treated and analyzed according to standardized methods. This manuscript focuses on sample pre-treatment and preparation of a MSWI BA sample aiming to investigate the characteristics transfer over the process of sub-sampling from the original (field) sample to the laboratory sample, test sample until the analytical sample. All results have been evaluated with statistical methods. The results show that influence of each single pre-treatment and preparation step on metal content differs for the individual metals. For lead a conservation of characteristics distribution can be observed, while for copper a continuous decline of solid concentration is observed over all preparation steps. One possible reason may be the fact that copper is mainly contained in the fine fraction as metallic copper with specific properties.
Improving resource efficiency at the end-of-life stage is illustrated in this paper by the example of materials recovery from waste, here from residues out of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). With mechanical treatment valuable materials like ferrous and non-ferrous metals and secondary construction material can be extracted from MSWI bottom ash. The potential contribution on the resource efficiency will be discussed.
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are well-established sample preparation methods for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. However, complex matrices especially characterized by slurry particles and dissolved organic matter (DOM) can hamper the extraction of PAH with both SBSE and SPME and lead to different results. Thus, we produced aqueous eluates from PAH-contaminated soils differing in particle size distribution and organic matter content and determined the PAH concentration in the eluates with both SBSE and SPME. Furthermore, we tested the influence of filtration on the PAH analysis. The excess finding of PAH with SBSE compared to SPME ranged from −16.6 to 24.5 %. The differences increased after filtration. We found a strong positive correlation of the excess finding to the total organic carbon content (TOC) and a negative one to the pH value. The results indicate that SBSE is less affected by complex matrices than SPME.
The industrial sector of bottom ash (BA) treatment from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany is currently changing. In order to increase the recovery rates of metals or to achieve a higher quality of mineral aggregates derived from BA, new procedures have been either implemented to existing plants or completely new treatment plants have been built recently. Three treatment trains, which are designated as entire sequences of selected processing techniques of BA, are introduced and compared. One treatment train is mainly characterized by usage of a high speed rotation accelerator whereas another is operating completely without crushing. In the third treatment train the BA is processed wet directly after incineration. The consequences for recovered metal fractions and the constitution of remaining mineral aggregates are discussed in the context of legislative and economical frameworks. Today the recycling or disposal options of mineral residues still have a high influence on the configuration and the operation mode of the treatment trains of BA despite of the high value of recovered metals.