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Zusammenfassung
In der Geophysik wird seit einiger Zeit das Verfahren der "Spektralen Induzierten Polarisation (SIP)"eingesetzt, um nähere Informationen über die Art, die Struktur und den Zustand des Bodens zu erhalten. Die Methode beruht auf der Messung des komplexen spezifischen elektrischen Widerstands im Frequenzbereich zwischen 1 mHz und 10 kHz.
Die SIP kann neue Möglichkeiten beim Einsatz elektrischer Verfahren in der Bauwerksuntersuchung eröffnen. So lassen sich beispielsweise Materialunterschiede von Feuchteinhomogenitäten trennen, was mit konventioneller Widerstandsmessung nicht möglich ist. Ebenfalls denkbar ist eine Detektion kontaminierter Bereiche (z. B. bei starker Belastung durch organische Substanzen oder Salze) im Mauerwerk.
Vorgestellt werden das Verfahrensprinzip, die Messtechnik und erste Ergebnisse von Messungen an Mauerwerksziegeln.
Non Destructive Testing of Concrete Railway Tracks by Impulse Response and Impact Echo Techniques
(2003)
Spectral Induced Polarization - a Tool for Non-Destructive Testing of Soils and Building Materials
(2003)
The Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) is a newly developed non-destructive geophysical method. It is an extension of conventional electrical resistivity measurements. By measuring additional parameters a more detailed investigation of the subsurface is possible. Up to now SIP is mainly used in mineral exploration, but the number of application examples from near surface geophysics and civil engineering is increasing. Results are presented from the investigation of slag heaps and measurements on bricks.
Pile testing as a NDT-CE (non-destructive-testing in civil engineering) method provides information about the condition of foundations. It is also used as a tool for quality control. Real size test fields with sound piles, piles with flaws and piles connected with a foundation allow calibration of measurement devices and method comparison under "real" conditions. Such a site is planned on a BAM testing area south of Berlin. The joint use facilitates the establishment of the testing site as a national or European reference site.
Non Destructive Testing of Concrete Railway Tracks by Impulse Response and Impact Echo Techniques
(2003)
RUFUS - Re-Use of Foundations on Urban Sites - Ein EU-Projekt zur Wiedernutzung von Fundamenten
(2003)
Tailings are the fine residue of the milling process in the mining industry and appear in slurry form being mixed with water during this process. Large tailings ponds are required to contain them, usually confined by man-made dams. Such tailings facilities pose considerable risk both to the environment and human lives.
A major interdisciplinary research project ('TAILSAFE') supported by European Union has been initiated with the aim to increase attention towards and reduce the risk posed by tailings facilities. Methods of parameter evaluation and measurement are being developed within the project and applied for the detection, assessment and improvement of the safety state of tailings dams and ponds.
One of the workpackages has his focus on non-destructive geophysical investigation methods. Geoelectrical (SIP), seismic and radar methods will be used to get information on the tailings dam structure and water content.
RUFUS - Re-Use of Foundations on Urban Sites - Ein EU-Projekt zur Wiedernutzung von Fundamenten
(2003)
The structural safety, durability and performance of the infrastructure is of primary interest in every country. An efficient system for early and regular structural assessment as well as for quality assurance during and after the construction of new structures and of reconstruction processes is urgently required. At BAM, NDT methods to be applied in civil engineering are developed and their application improved. From the experience of on-site assessments, quality assurance systems and methodologies for regular inspections are elaborated. This work is mainly performed in the frame of externally funded research projects.
Improperly built or managed tailing dams pose major risks to human lives and the environment. Research for risk reduction by new technologies including slurry handlings, stochastic modelling, development of a parameter framework as well as work on legislation and authorisation procedures will be done in the EC-funded project TAILSAFE. Focus of this paper is on geophysial techniques for structure investigation and monitoring.
Spectral Induced Polarization - a Tool for Non-Destructive Testing of Soils and Building Materials
(2003)
The often poor construction and low maintenance level of tailings dams has caused serious accidents. The EC funded Project TAILSAFE is aimed at the non-destructive assessment of tailings facilities for stabilization analyses and the development of better management methods.
The focus of geophysical field studies was on the discrimination of different layering and construction steps as well as the determination of the spatial (relative) water content in the dams. SIP measurements at three tailings facilities different in their geological backgrounds, composition and age have been conducted.
The re-use of foundations on urban sites contributes to the Sustainable Development in construction. Investigations at potential parts to be re-used should be performed in time to influence the planning process. Non-destructive testing methods in civil engineering (NDT-CE) provide necessary information about location, dimension and condition of existing foundations. Thickness measurement of foundation slabs, imaging of their geometry is dealt with as well as localisation of voids and reinforcement beyond surface-near layers. For pile foundations this article introduces NDT-CE methods to measure the pile length or deviation of an expected length as well as to determine the pile integrity. Practical examples of typical testing problems are given and show the possibilities as well as limits of a method. This guidance enables the planning engineer to consider the use of NDT-CE methods and to assure their successful application.
NDT investigation methods
(2006)
The low-strain pile integrity testing method is used for quality control of new piles as well as length and integrity check for old piles. If no other methods for calibration are available, the accuracy and reliability of the techniques depend on a good estimation of the elastic wave velocity. In practice it is assumed that piles can be tested 7 days after casting and that the velocity is almost constant in all piles of one kind in a construction project. Recent measurements at the BAM test site in Horstwalde, Germany, showed that the 7 day criterion is not generally applicable.
A toolbox with non-destructive testing methods for the condition assessment of railway bridges
(2006)
The unified economic structure of the European market requires a unified transport infrastructure to ensure seamless and barrierfree transportation of passengers and goods. The European commission is funding the European Integrated Project Sustainable Bridges to comply with future traffic demands. The main objective of the project is to reliably assess and upgrade the bridge infrastructure for the required increase of axle loads and transport volume. 32 Institutes from 12 countries develop unified procedures for the assessment and improvement of the existing railway bridge stock under the guidance and review of six major European railway companies.
Non destructive testing (NDT) is given a high priority. One of the work packages concentrates on the potential of advanced NDT-methods and creates a toolbox with advisable methods for the condition assessment of all types of railway bridges. Although NDT-methods are implemented in the quality assurance process in many industries, their application in the railway infrastructure is not common. Only a few countries have included selected NDT-methods into advanced condition assessment procedures for the management of their bridge stock.
This paper describes also current activities to enhance pulse-phase thermography, impulse-radar and acoustic methods. The advanced methods enable infrastructure owners to verify construction plans, to assess structures, repair and strengthening quality or to identify in-service damages. Latest development is an automated scanning system for combined acoustic and electromagnetic measurements. The results are then combined through data fusion techniques to further increase their value for the bridge owners.
Charakterisierung von Feuchte- und Salzbelastungen in Baumaterial durch Impedanzspektroskopie
(2006)
Charakterisierung von Feuchte- und Salzbelastungen in Baumaterial durch Impedanzspektroskopie
(2006)
Pfahl- und Fundamentprüfung
(2006)
During the re-use process of existing concrete memebers like foundations information about geometry and location of piles or strip foundation is necessary. Ultrasonic echo with a need of only one-sided access may provide this information and help the engineer to assess foundations. Cost effectiveness by the re-use of foundations gains an increasing economic role due to decreasing average economic lifetime of buildings on urban sites. Results of systematic ultrasonic echo investigations at a slab from 75 cm to 125 cm thickness with ten different reinforcement ratios are presented. The influence of the varying reinforcement ratio and thickness on the reliability of the results is shown. Available data-processing algorithms based on reconstruction calculation and imaging of results to reveal the geometry of a slab and the location of piles or strip foundations are introduced. Practical guidance for the application of ultrasonic echo and its limits are presented to ensure reliable results.
ZfPBau-Kompendium 2004
(2007)
Dieses Kompendium ist ein kurzgefasster Abriss, ein Leitfaden und auch ein Handbuch der für den Einsatz im Bauwesen geeigneten zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren. In strenger, stets gleicher Gliederung wird jede der mehr als 100 Untersuchungsmethoden in einem eigenen Geräteblatt beschrieben. Hinzu kommen Querverweise zu alternativen Prüfmethoden sowie zahlreiche Hinweise auf einschlägige Fachliteratur und zu bekannt gewordenen Geräteherstellern, Lieferanten und Dienstleistern.
One of the main problems in the assessment of the operability, stability and contamination potential of tailings facilities is the lack of data on subsurface materials, properties and structures. One key task in the use of geophysics is the selection of the proper methods for a given site/problem combination. Interpretation of the acquired and processed physical data (e.g. electrical resistivity distribution) into something useful for site assessment (e.g. contamination distribution) is another. In the TAILSAFE project (funded by the European Commission) we have worked with partners on the use of geophysics for tailings facilities inspection. DC and complex resistivity, ground penetrating radar, and spectral analysis of surface waves and multichannel analysis of surface waves have been used on dams and beaches. In most cases, our methods provided useful information on the subsurface structure, but the translation of geophysical values into geotechnical or other parameters is still challenging.
The European infrastructure asset has developed historically and is characterized by nation-specific construction processes. Inspection, condition assessment, and maintenance procedures differ from country to country. Because of historical and political circumstances, national infrastructure assets are maintained at different levels, too. Since the budget for maintaining the bridge infrastructure less and less meets the demands of a growing bridge stock, bridge inspection, maintenance, and life-cycle considerations gain higher importance. The need exists to develop effective diagnosis tools for early detection of construction faults, defects, and deterioration processes during inspection, to keep the bridge infrastructure at an acceptable level, from structural safety and economic viewpoints. An overview on the latest research projects and integrated bridge management systems in Europe is given. The potentials of nondestructive testing (NDT) are presented, with special focus on technical advances of NDT applications to reinforced concrete (RC) and posttensioned concrete bridges. Although NDT is not regularly integrated in these processes, the application brings valuable information on the current condition of the inner structure in called-in special inspections. NDT-automation and the application of imaging echo methods, combined with advanced data processing, produce a surprising level of information about the inner structure of massive RC slabs up to a depth of about 60 cm. Detected inhomogeneity and scatterers of acoustic or electromagnetic waves can be visualized in vertical or horizontal slices through the structure or animations. The fusion of different three-dimensional data sets of processed data improves the interpretability and accuracy of the results.
Geophysikalische Verfahren zur Strukturerkundung und Schwachstellenanalyse von Flussdeichen – ein Handbuch ISBN: ISBN 978-3-981 07 - 4 Vor dem Hintergrund der seit Mitte der 90er Jahre in Deutschland gehäuft auftretenden Hochwasserereignisse (Rhein 1993/1995, Saale 1994, Oder 1997, Donau, Elbe und Mulde 2002/2005/2006) und den damit verbundenen umfangreichen Schäden, die ursächlich auf das Versagen von Hochwasserschutzanlagen (Deichbrüche) zurückzuführen waren, wird deutlich, dass die teilweise mehrere hundert Jahre alten Flussdeiche den Belastungen, bedingt durch ihre Bauart, die eingesetzten Baustoffe und die Bauhöhen, zum Teil nicht mehr gewachsen sind. Vor einer schutzzielabhängigen Entscheidung, ob eine Deichanlage künftigen Belastungen standhält oder ggf. zu ertüchtigen bzw. neu zu errichten ist, bedarf es als grundlegender Voraussetzung einer detaillierten Untersuchung des Tragsystems Bauwerk (Deich) und Untergrund. Ziel dieser Untersuchungen ist es, Schwachstellen des Tragsystems nach Umfang und Lage zu ermitteln, um daraus gezielt mögliche Sanierungsstrategien ableiten zu können. Für eine systematische Schwachstellenanalyse bieten sich in Kombination mit konventionellen geotechnischen Untersuchungsmethoden geophysikalische Messverfahren an. Einschlägige Normen und Richtlinien (DWA-M 507, DIN 19712) empfehlen zwar den Einsatz von geophysikalischen Verfahren, geben aber kaum praktische Hinweise für die Anwendung dieser Methoden. So erfolgt der Einsatz zerstörungsfreier geophysikalischer Verfahren zur Strukturerkundung an Deichen in Kombination mit geotechnischen Untersuchungen bisher regional differenziert und teilweise unsystematisch. Zudem werden von den für den Hochwasserschutz verantwortlichen Behörden zumeist keine oder sehr unterschiedliche Anforderungen an derartige Untersuchungen formuliert. Dadurch mangelt es den mit der Ausführung beauftragten Dienstleistern (Ingenieurbüros) zumeist an eindeutigen Vorgaben. Dies führt in der Regel dazu, dass die Qualität der aus diesen Untersuchungen abgeleiteten Aussagen höchst unterschiedlich ausfällt und vielfach nicht als optimal bezeichnet werden kann. Eine Hilfe zur Methoden- und Parameterwahl sowie eine systematische Bewertung der Eignung geophysikalischer Verfahren zur Strukturerkundung von Deichen gab es bisher nicht. Nach den Hochwasserereignissen des Jahres 2002 an Elbe und Mulde initiierte das Bundes- ministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) das Forschungsprogramm „Rimax“ (Risi- komanagement extremer Hochwasserereignisse). Mit diesem Programm werden zahlreiche Projekte auf ganz unterschiedlichen Gebieten der Hochwasserforschung gefördert [8]. Eines dieser Projekte ist das Verbundprojekt „Systematische Evaluierung existierender und innovativer Methoden zur Schwachstellenanalyse und Strukturerkundung von Deichen“ (DEISTRUKT). Ziel war es, möglichst viele erfolgversprechende oberflächen- und bohrlochgeophysikalische Methoden auf ihre Eignung für die Deichstrukturerkundung und Schwachstellenanalyse zu prüfen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wurde dabei auf die Umsetzung in geotechnisch verwertbare Ergebnisse gelegt. Mit dem Vorhaben DEISTRUKT sollte die Grundlage für einen effektiven Einsatz dieser Verfahren gelegt werden. Behörden und ausführende Ingenieurbüros sollen ein Werkzeug für die Entscheidungsfindung bei Konzeption, Ausschreibung, Durchführung und Bewertung geophysikalischer Messungen in Verbindung mit den geotechnischen Untersuchungsergebnissen erhalten. Basierend auf einer intensiven Recherche und praktischen Tests wurde eine systematische Evaluierung durchgeführt. Die Darstellung der Ergebnisse erfolgt als Richtlinie in diesem Handbuch. Berührungsfreie Methoden der Aerogeophysik oder der Fernerkundung waren nicht Gegenstand der Untersuchungen und bleiben daher im vorliegenden Handbuch unberücksichtigt. Das vorliegende Handbuch soll sowohl dem Praktiker aus Geophysik und Geotechnik als auch Behördenvertretern, die geophysikalische Leistungen zu beauftragen haben, als Hilfe zur Auswahl geeigneter Methoden und Messparameter dienen. Insoweit ist es auch als Ergänzung zu den Richtlinien DIN 19712, DIN 4020 und DWA-M 507 zu sehen. Sinngemäß können die in diesem Handbuch gegebenen Empfehlungen und Hinweise auch für die Erkundung von Trassen für den Deichneubau bzw. für Deichrückverlegungen, Seedeiche sowie für Flussseiten- bzw. Kanalseitendämme im Sinne von [36] gelten. Im Kapitel 2 werden insbesondere die Bauweise (Struktur) von Flussdeichen und die damit verbundenen Schwachstellen des Tragsystems sowie die daraus abgeleiteten Untersuchungsmethoden beschrieben. Kapitel 3 behandelt die Anforderungen und den Ablauf der geophysikalischen Deicherkundung und zeigt die Verknüpfungen zu den geotechnischen Untersuchungen auf. Eine kurze Beschreibung der wichtigsten bei der Deicherkundung eingesetzten geophysikalischen Methoden enthält Kapitel 4. In Kapitel 5 erfolgt die Bewertung der Eignung dieser Methoden. Schließlich werden im Anhang Hinweise zur Ausschreibung geophysikalischer Leistungen gegeben.
Complex resistivity (CR) behavior of building material - first results of field scale measurements
(2008)
Unsafe tailings management facilities (TMFs) have caused serious accidents in Europe (e.g., Baia Mare, Romania, in 2000, Aznalcóllar, Spain, in 1998, and Stava, Italy, in 1985), threatening human health/life and the environment. While advanced design, construction and management procedures are available, their implementation requires greater emphasis. An integrated research project funded by the European Union was carried out between 2002 and 2005 with the overall goal of improving the safety of TMFs (Sustainable Improvement in Safety of Tailings Facilities-TAILSAFE, http://www.tailsafe.com/). The objective of TAILSAFE was to develop and apply methods of parameter evaluation and measurement for the assessment and improvement of the safety state of tailings facilities, with particular attention to the stability of tailings dams and slurries, the special risks inherent when such materials include toxic or hazardous wastes, and authorization and management procedures for tailings facilities. Aspects of tailings facilities design, water management and slurry transport, non-destructive and minimally intrusive testing methods, monitoring and the application of sensors, intervention and remediation options were considered in TAILSAFE. A risk reduction framework (the TAILSAFE Parameter Framework) was established to contribute to the avoidance of catastrophic accidents and hazards from tailings facilities. Tailings from the mining and primary processing of metals, minerals and coal were included within the scope of TAILSAFE. The project focused on the avoidance of hazards by developing procedures and methods for investigating and improving the stability of tailings dams and tailings bodies.