Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2014 (20) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (9)
- Vortrag (7)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (4)
Schlagworte
- Ageing (3)
- Compression set (2)
- Interim storage (2)
- O-Ring (2)
- Polyethylene (2)
- Seal (2)
- Spent fuel (2)
- Storage (2)
- Absorption (1)
- Aluminium (1)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (7)
Elastomers are widely used as main sealing materials in Containers for low and intermediate level radioactive waste and as additional component to metal seals in spent fuel and high active waste Containers. They are applied due to their special material properties and easy use [1]. For this application several challenging prerequisites must be met for the essential reliable Operation of the seal.
Elastomers are widely used as main sealing materials for Containers for low and intermediate Ievel radioactive waste and as additional component to metal seals in spent fuel and high active waste Containers. According to appropriate guidelines and regulations safe enclosure of the radioactive Container contents has to be guaranteed for long storage periods as well as down to temperatures of -40 °C for transportation. Therefore the understanding of seal behaviour in general is of high importance and ageing of elastomeric seals has to be considered with regard to possible dynamic events taking possibly place during transport after storage.
Bei der Abschätzung der Beständigkeit von Kunststoffen gegenüber niedermolekularen Flüssigkeiten ist die Kohäsionsenergiedichte CED ein wichtiger Parameter auf molekularer Ebene. Die Vernetzungsdichte ν eines polymeren Festkörpers bildet hierbei einen bedeutsamen Kennwert, der darüber hinaus neben der Löslichkeit wichtige Eigenschaften wie thermische Stabilität und Steifigkeit des Materials charakterisiert. Für die experimentelle Bestimmung von CED und ν eignet sich die Untersuchung des Quellverhaltens in unterschiedlichen Lösungsmitteln. Es werden zwei Messmethoden miteinander verglichen und die Ergebnisse unter Berücksichtigung des molekularen Aufbaus von Proben aus Polyurethan (PU) und hochmolekularem – (HMWPE) und ultrahochmolekularem Polyethylen (UHMWPE) diskutiert. Zum Verständnis des Quellverhaltens dieser Polymerproben in niedermolekularen Lösungsmitteln werden neben den Messergebnissen Literaturdaten zu Grunde gelegt.
Der Druckverformungsrest (DVR) stellt insbesondere für Dichtungsanwendungen eine wichtige Kenngröße zur Beurteilung der Eignung eines Elastomers dar. Er ermöglicht die Einschätzung des zeitabhängigen Rückstellverhaltens eines Werkstoffs nach Deformation. Neben der Prüfung bei erhöhten Temperaturen, zur Beurteilung des Alterungsverhaltens, lässt sich bei der Durchführung bei tiefen Temperaturen die limitierende Einsatztemperatur bestimmen. Die Versuchsdurchführung unterscheidet sich je nach angewandter Norm und kann einen deutlichen Einfluss auf den DVR-Wert haben. Um bei tiefen Temperaturen eine schnelle Aussage zu gestatten, ist eine im Vergleich zu genormten Methoden deutlich schneller durchzuführende, automatisierte Methode entwickelt und mit Standardmethoden verglichen worden. Durch kontinuierliche Messung des Druckverformungsrests kann die Kinetik der Materialrückstellung betrachtet und dadurch ein effizienter Materialvergleich und eine effiziente Materialauswahl ermöglicht werden. Compression set (CS) is especially for sealing applications an important parameter for material selection. It allows an assessment of the time dependent recovery after deformation.
In addition to testing at elevated temperatures which aims at the evaluation of the ageing behaviour, testing at low temperatures permits the determination of the low working temperature limit. The test procedure varies depending on the applied standard and can show a significant effect on the CS value. In order to allow a quick statement regarding low temperatures an automated procedure being significantly faster realisable in relation to the standardised methods has been developed and compared with standard procedures. Continuous measurement of the compression set allows evaluating the recovery kinetics and therefore an efficient comparison and selection of materials.
Metal seals are widely used for extreme applications, e.g. in dual-purpose casks for dry interim storage of spent nuclear fuel in Germany. Due to the fact that interim storage must be safe at least for the approved period of 40 years there is a major interest to investigate the long-term behaviour and ageing mechanisms of metal seals. Experimental analyses indicate a time and temperature dependency of seal characteristics. This dependency was researched with a time- and temperature parameterization based up on Larson-Miller. The paper describes the derivation of the material parameter C from test results and the applicability of the Larson-Miller-Relationship for those metal seals in principle. Overall a constant material parameter C was not. Nevertheless, an approach comparable to the Larson-Miller-Parameter was developed.
Fourier-Spektroskopische Untersuchungen von hochmolekularem Polyethylen (HMW-PE) und ultrahochmolekularem Polyethylen (UHMW-PE) im Mittleren - und Fernen Infrarotbereich können Veränderungen der molekularen Strukturen nachweisen, die durch Co60 γ-Strahlung und Rekristallisationsprozesse initiiert werden. UHMW-PE und HMW-PE sind im gewählten IR-Bereich unterscheidbar. Die integrale Absorption der B1u – Gitterschwingungen im Fernen Infrarotbereich (THz-Bereich) ermöglichen die quantitative Beschreibung des Kristallinitätsgrades und dessen Abbau. Die Bildung ungesättigter Vinylengruppen und der Abbau ungesättigter Methylengruppen können im Mittleren Infrarotbereich nachgewiesen werden.
German approach and feedback on experience of transportability of SNF packages after interim storage
(2014)
In Germany, the concept of dry interim storage of spent fuel in dual purpose metal casks is implemented, currently for periods of up to 40 years. The casks being used have an approved package design in accordance with the international transport regulations. The license for dry storage is granted on the German Atomic Energy Act with respect to the recently revised 'Guidelines for dry interim storage of irradiated fuel assemblies and heat-generating radioactive waste in casks' by the German Waste management Commission. For transport on public routes between or after long term interim storage periods, it has to be ensured that the transport and storage casks fulfil the specifications of the transport approval or other sufficient properties, which satisfy the proofs for the compliance of the safety objectives at that time. In recent years, the validation period of transport approval certificates for manufactured, loaded and stored packages were discussed among authorities and applicants. A case dependent system of 3, 5 and 10 years was established. There are consequences for the safety cases in the Package Design Safety Report, including evaluation of long term behaviour of components and specific operating procedures of the package. The present research and knowledge concerning the long term behaviour of transport and storage cask components have to be consulted as well as experiences from interim cask storage operations. Challenges in the safety assessment are e.g. the behaviour of aged metal and elastomeric gaskets under IAEA test conditions to ensure that the results of drop tests can be transferred to the compliance of the safety objectives at the time of transport after the interim storage period. Assessment methods for the material compatibility, the behaviour of fuel assemblies and the aging behaviour of shielding parts are issues as well. This paper describes the state of the art technology in Germany, explains recent experience on transport preparation after interim storage and points out arising prospective challenges.
Dual purpose casks for the transportation and storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive materials require very high leak tightness of lid closure systems under accident conditions as well as in the long term to prevent activity release. For that purpose metal seals of specific types with an inner helical spring and outer metal liners are widely used and have shown their excellent performance if certain quality assurance requirements for fabrication and assembling are satisfied. Well defined surface roughness, clean and dry inert conditions are therefore essential. No seal failure in a loaded cask happened under these conditions until today. Nevertheless, the considered and licensed operation period is limited and all safety assessments have been performed and approved for this period of time which is 40 years in Germany so far. However, in the meantime longer storage periods might be necessary for the future and therefore additional material data will be required. BAM is involved in the qualification and evaluation procedures of those seals from the early beginning. Because long term tests are always time consuming BAM has early decided to perform additional tests with specific test seal configurations to gain a better understanding of the long term behaviour with regard to seal pressure force, leakage rate and useable resilience which is safety relevant mainly in case of accidental mechanical loads inside a storage facility or during a subsequent transport. Main test parameters are the material of the outer seal jacket (silver or aluminium) and the temperature. This paper presents the BAM test program including an innovative test mock-up and most recent test results. Based on these data extrapolation models to extended time periods are discussed, and also future plans to continue tests and to investigate seal behaviour for additional test parameters are explained.