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- ja (15) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Fatigue (2)
- Fatigue crack propagation (2)
- Residual stresses (2)
- Safe life design (2)
- Combined non-linear hardening with cyclic loading (1)
- Comparative blasting tests (1)
- Compliance ratio method (1)
- Corrosion (1)
- Crash (1)
- Damage tolerance (1)
The roll-on-roll-off passenger ferry MV ESTONIA sank during the night of 28 September 1994 in the Baltic Sea. In October 2000, divers recovered two palm-sized test pieces from the front bulkhead of the wreck. The investigators analysed these specimens to determine whether there were any indications of deliberate blasting. Since the wreck had been submerged for almost six years, it was clear that chemical traces would not be present on the surfaces of the test pieces. Therefore, the investigators performed comparative tests on shipbuilding steel to find a microstructural criterion that exclusively characterises a blast. The shipyard Jos. L. Meyer, Germany, had built the ESTONIA and supplied shipbuilding steel plates similar to that used for building the vessel in 1979/1980. The comparative tests comprised mechanical tests, shot peening tests and blasting tests using different explosives. Testing demonstrated that blasting always formed twinned ferrite grains in the microstructure over the whole cross-section of each of the 8 mm thick comparative plates. Although one of the original test pieces of the ESTONIA showed deformation twins, this was only confined up to 0.4 mm underneath the surfaces and not spread over the whole cross-section. Comparative shot peening tests produced the very same pattern of subsurface deformation twins. Therefore, the twins detected in the microsection of the test pieces of the ESTONIA wreck traced back to the shot peening process performed by the shipyard in 1979/1980 and not to a deliberate blast.
Investigations on the breakdown of a heat recovery steam generator during the initial operation run
(2014)
Several years ago, in 2003, an industrial heat recovery steam generator in charge of generating process steam in a petrochemical refinery was installed and prepared for initial operation. The steam generator enclosed an evaporator section and a superheater section consisting mainly of bundles of tubes with the longest up to several metres in length. During initial operation test runs severe leakages in the evaporator and superheater modules became noticeable. The test runs were stopped and after disassembly, through-wall cracks in several tube bends were found. BAM was commissioned to carry out the investigations in order to find out the reasons for the failure of the tubes. During on-site inspection a number of relevant damaged components and parts were selected and taken away to the laboratories for detailed inspection. Planned analyses were to comprise metallographic as well as fractographic investigations, mechanical fatigue testing and experimental as well as finite element vibration analyses on specimens and components. Soon, the fracture mechanism was found to be mechanical fatigue due to the fact that the examined fracture surfaces showed the very characteristic beachmarks and colouring patterns. To identify the particular loading and time at which crack initiation and crack propagation took place, experimental and numerical vibration analyses of specific tubes as well as mechanical fatigue tests on tube bends were carried out. Thus it was possible to identify the eigenfrequencies of individual tubes, to estimate the dynamic response as well as the nominal stresses and, hence, experimentally characterise the in-service fatigue strength of the components. Mechanical and thermal comparative tests on tube bends were performed simulating the conditions during the initial test run in order to get crack surfaces comparable to that of the originally damaged components. Thereby it became obvious that the fatigue cracks were initiated by vibrations the tube bundles were exposed to during rail transport from the manufacturers site to the place of installation. Based on these results, the damaged components could be repaired or exchanged without modification of the construction, but the rules relating packaging and securing for shipping had to be revised.
Experimentelle und numerische ERmittlung dynamischer Risswiderstandskurven im Kerbschlagbiegeversuch
(2001)
Die bruchmechanische Beurteilung von Komponenten erfordert die Kenntnis von Risswiderstandskurven, die jedoch häufig aufgrund fehlenden Probenmaterials nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Vielmehr sind typische werkstofftechnische Kennwerte verfügbar, wie Streckgrenze, Zugfestig, Gleichmaßdehnung, Bruchdehnung sowie die Kerbschlagarbeit in der Hochlage und die laterale Breitung von Kerbschlagbiegeproben.
Das Materialmodell von Gurson beschreibt duktiles Risswachstum mit den Stadien Hohlraumentstehung, Hohlraumwachstum und Koaleszenz benachbarter Hohlräume bis zum makroskopischen Riss. Die Materialparameter des Gurson-Modells sind abhängig vom Werkstoff und der Temperatur, jedoch nicht von der Probengeometrie und Belastungsgeschwindigkeit, was eine Übertragung zwischen quasistatisch belasteten Bruchmechanikproben unterschiedlicher Geometrie und schlagartig belasteten Kerbschlagbiegeproben erlaubt.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Konstruktion von Risswiderstandskurven vorgestellt, die auf den grundlegenden Daten des Zugversuchs und der Kenntnis der Fließkurve basiert. Die Fließkurve bei dynamischer Belastung wird durch erprobte Vorgehensweisen ermittelt, die auf der Analyse der dann erhöhten Aktivierungsenergie von Versetzungen basieren. Die Parameter der duktilen Schädigung werden im wesentlichen durch die Simulation von Versuchen an gekerbten Rundzugproben und des Kerbschlagbiegeversuchs bzw. der Anpassung an die Kerbschlagarbeit in der Hochlage bestimmt.
Damit sind die Parameter der duktilen Schädigung bekannt, so dass durch die Simulation duktilen Rissfortschritts in Bruchmechanikproben die erforderlichen J-Risswiderstandskurven zur Verfügung gestellt werden können, was die Anwendung des klassischen J-Konzepts erlaubt. Wegen der Geometrieunabhängigkeit der ermittelten Materialparameter ist auch die direkte Anwendung des Gurson-Modells zur Sicherheitsanalyse angerissener Bauteile durchführbar.
Welding is one of the most common methods in industrial practice for joining components. Its main advantages are high speed in manufacturing combined with low costs and, usually, a high degree of flexibility, integrity and reliability. Nevertheless, welding is a highly complex metallurgical process and, therefore, weldments are susceptible to material discontinuities, flaws and residual stresses which may lead to structural failure and life time reduction. As a consequence weldments are an important field of fracture mechanics methods although its application is more complex than for homogeneous or non-welded structures. The aim of the paper is to provide an overview on the current state of fracture mechanics application to weldments. It starts by discussing the specific features which any fracture mechanics analysis of weldments has to take into account. Then, the experimental determination of fracture toughness, fatigue crack propagation and tensile properties of weldments is addressed. Finally, the analytical determination of the crack driving force in components and structural integrity assessment approaches for weldments are presented.
Purpose is the formulation, numerical implementation, identification and application of a material model for ductile damage and failure during cyclic and non-proportional loading.
The authors combined a hyperelasticity-based elasto-plastic model for non-linear isotropic as well as kinematic hardening with a modified Gurson model. Evolution strategy helped identify the model parameters for the high-strength steel 10MnMoNi5-5. The simulation of ductile failure in fracture mechanics specimens verified the model with respect to cyclic loading at two temperatures. The simulation of additional fracture mechanics applications validated the model as to the development of residual stresses at the crack tip under cyclic loads.