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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eine modifizierte Syntheseroute auf der Basis wasserfreier Seltenerdacetate wurde zur Synthese aufwärtskonvertierender Kern/Schale‐Nanokristalle mit mittleren Größen zwischen 15 bis 45 nm eingesetzt. Die nahezu monodispersen Partikel bestehen aus einem NaYF4:Yb,Er‐Kern, dotiert mit 18 % Yb3+ und 2 % Er3+, und einer inerten Schale aus NaYF4, wobei die Dicke der Schale dem jeweiligen Radius des Kernpartikels entspricht. Absolutmessungen der Photolumineszenz‐Quantenausbeuten bei verschiedenen Anregungsleistungsdichten zeigen, dass die Quantenausbeuten von 45 nm Kern/Schale‐Partikeln schon fast an die Quantenausbeute des mikrokristallinen aufwärtskonvertierenden Leuchtstoffs heranreichen. Kleinere Kern/Schale‐Partikel, die nach der gleichen Methode hergestellt wurden, zeigen nur eine moderate Abnahme der Quantenausbeute. Beispielsweise ist die Quantenausbeute von 15 nm großen Kern/Schale‐Partikeln bei hohen Leistungsdichten (100 W cm−2) nur um einen Faktor drei kleiner als die des mikrokristallinen Leuchtstoffpulvers und um ungefähr einen Faktor 10 kleiner bei niedrigen Leistungsdichten (1 W cm−2).
We present the synthesis and characterization of multifunctional fluorophore-labeled poly(organosiloxane) nanoparticles with core-shell architecture, where the fluorescent dye is incorporated into the core. Grafting of heterobifunctional poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) onto the particle surface leads to water-soluble biocompatible nanoparticles. Two different strategies have been used for the synthesis: The encapsulation of dye-labeled monomers during the polycondensation with additional PEO coating and subsequent dye labeling by covalent attachment of the fluorescent dye rhodamine B to the (chloromethylphenyl)siloxane groups in the core after polymerization and grafting of PEO onto the surface. Comparison of the fluorescence quantum yields of the nanoparticles before and after PEO coating show a decrease in quantum yield after PEO coating.
To improve the reliability of fluorescence data in the life and material sciences and to enable accreditation of fluorescence techniques, standardization concepts are required that guarantee and improve the comparability of fluorescence measurements. At the core of such concepts are simple and evaluated fluorescence standards for the consideration of instrument-specific spectral and intensity distortions of measured signals and for instrument performance validation (IPV). Similarly in need are fluorescence intensity standards for the quantification from measured intensities and for signal referencing, thereby accounting for excitation light-induced intensity fluctuations. These standards should be preferably certified, especially for use in regulated areas like medical diagnostics. This encouraged us to develop liquid and solid standards for different fluorescence parameters and techniques for use under routine measurement conditions in different formates. Special emphasis was dedicated to the determination and control of the spectral responsivity of detection systems, wavelength accuracy, homogeneity of illumination, and intensity referencing for e.g. spectrofluorometers, fluorescence sensors and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopes. Here, we will present design concepts and examples for mono- and multifunctional fluorescence standards that provide traceability to radiometric units and present a first step towards a toolbox of standards.