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- Mechanical behavior of wood (1)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
The moisture content of wood is known to have a significant influence on the woods mechanical properties. Using wood as an energy absorber in impact limiter of packages for the transport of radioactive material, it is of particu-lar importance to ensure the moisture content and thus relevant mechanical properties to be in specified limits. The paper surveys the influence of wood moisture content on the mechanical properties of wood. Different measuring methods are discussed with respect to in-situ applicability, accuracy and effort. The results of an experimental ana-lysis of the accuracy of hand-held moisture meters using the electrical resistance method are discussed. Conclu-sions are drawn regarding the measurement of moisture content of wood upon delivery as well as of complete im-pact limiter assemblies. Requirements for quality surveillance during manufacturing of wood filled impact limiter are derived and it is exemplified how to meet them. Construction, manufacturing and inspection of impact limiter encapsulation with regard to leak-tightness are addressed.
The moisture content of wood is known to have a significant influence on the wood's mechanical properties. Using wood as an energy absorber in impact limiters of packages for the transport of radioactive material, it is of particular importance to ensure the moisture content and thus relevant mechanical properties to be in specified limits. The paper surveys the influence of wood moisture content on the mechanical properties of wood. Different measuring methods are discussed with respect to in situ applicability, accuracy and effort. The results of an experimental analysis of the accuracy of hand held moisture metres using the electrical resistance method are discussed. Conclusions are drawn regarding the measurement of moisture content of wood upon delivery as well as of complete impact limiter assemblies. Requirements for quality surveillance during manufacturing of wood filled impact limiters are derived and it is exemplified how to meet them. Construction, manufacturing and inspection of impact limiter encapsulation with regard to leak tightness are addressed.
In accordance with IAEA SSR-6 para 306 a management system shall be established and implemented to ensure compliance with the relevant provisions of the IAEA regulations. BAM has issued an update of the guideline: the BAM-GGR 011. The new revision describes necessary quality assurance measures for design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance and inspection of packagings for package designs requiring competent authority approval for the transport of radioactive material.
The measures can be categorised as system-related and design-related. They are independently approved and monitored by the German competent authority BAM and its authorised expert (BAM/T). The qualification of the organisation applying for the design approval certificate is reviewed in the context of the design approval procedure. The quality assurance measures for manufacture consist of three main steps. Pre-assessment of manufacturing documents such as quality plans, specifications etc., Manufacturing inspections according the pre-assessed documents and inspection before commissioning including documentation review. Periodic inspections during operation as well as relevant specifications for use and maintenance ensure that the properties specified in the approval certificate are preserved over the package life time. Special provisions for the return on
experience regarding operational feedback for design, manufacture, use, maintenance and inspection are given. Special focus shall be given here to the rearranged and meanwhile established system of manufacturing inspections. This includes more transparent roles for a) the Producers authorised inspection 11282 representative, b) the independent inspection expert (S), acting on behalf of the manufacturer with acceptance of BAM, and c) BAM or its authorised expert (BAM/T). Additional attention shall be drawn to the management of deviations during manufacturing and provisions for maintenance and periodic inspections.
Additive manufacturing of metals – and in particular building with laser-based powder bed fusion – is highly flexible and allows high-resolution features and feedstock savings. Meanwhile, though space stations in low Earth orbit are established, a set of visits to the Moon have been performed, and humankind can send out rovers to explore Venus and Mars, none of these milestone missions is equipped with technology to manufacture functional metallic parts or tools in space. In order to advance space exploration to long-term missions beyond low Earth orbit, it will be crucial to develop and employ technology for in-space manufacturing (ISM) and in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU). To use the advantages of laser-based powder bed fusion in these endeavours, the challenge of powder handling in microgravity must be met. Here we present a device capable of building parts using metallic powders in microgravity. This was proven on several sounding rocket flights, on which occasions Zr-based metallic glass parts produced by additive manufacturing in space were built. The findings of this work demonstrate that building parts using powder feedstock, which is more compact to transport into space than wire, is possible in microgravity environments. This thus significantly advances ISRU and ISM and paves the way for future tests in prolonged microgravity settings.