Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (18) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Calorimetry (2)
- ANSYS Fluent (1)
- Abbrandfaktor (1)
- Analytical and empirical calculations (1)
- Battery fires (1)
- Berechnungen analytische und empirische (1)
- Brandschutz im Brandlast (1)
- Brandschutz im Industriebau (1)
- CFD (1)
- CFD Modellierung (1)
- Combustion efficiency (1)
- Combustion factor (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) (1)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (1)
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) (1)
- Concrete (1)
- Conduction (1)
- Cone calorimeter (1)
- Crime (1)
- DIN 18230 (1)
- Empirical model (1)
- Energy carriers (1)
- Feuerwiderstandsdauer (1)
- Finite Elements (1)
- Fire Safety (1)
- Fire development (1)
- Fire investigation (1)
- Fire load density (1)
- Fire modeling (1)
- Fire safety (1)
- Fire test (1)
- Fire tests (1)
- Fixed firefighting system (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Großversuch (1)
- Hazardous materials (1)
- Heat Release Rate (1)
- Heat release rate (1)
- Heat transfer (1)
- Heavy gas (1)
- Indrustriebau (1)
- Jet fire (1)
- LNG (1)
- Lithium-ion batteries (1)
- Lithium-ion battery (1)
- Lithium-ion-batteries (1)
- Methane (1)
- Model evaluation (1)
- Numerical modelling (1)
- Numerische Strukturmechanik (1)
- Numerische Strömungsmechanik (1)
- Oxygen consumption calorimetry (1)
- Probabilistic (1)
- Radiation (1)
- Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach (1)
- Sensible enthalpy rise approach (1)
- Single burning item test (1)
- Smoke toxicity (1)
- Smouldering fire (1)
- Storage (1)
- Strahlung (1)
- Supersonic flow (1)
- Temperaturabhängige (1)
- Temperature dependent properties (1)
- Thermo-mechanical (1)
- Verbrennungseffizienz (1)
- Water mist (1)
- Wohnungsbrände (1)
- Wärmeleitung (1)
- Wärmeübertragung (1)
- Äquivalente Branddauer (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Paper des Monats
- ja (2)
This paper presents a probabilistic methodology based on the thermo-mechanical finite elements analysis to investigate the impact of the variability of the thermal properties of the concrete in the fire safety of structures. This is meant to evaluate if characteristic values or safety factors for the conductivity and specific heat are
required during the semi-probabilistic structural fire safety assessment. To illustrate the use of the proposed methodology, this work includes a case-study with a tunnel lining which considers the uncertainties related to the thermal and mechanical properties of the concrete, the soil load, and the temperatures described by the
standard temperature-time curve. Two failure criteria are considered: one was the maximum temperature of 300 °C at the reinforcement and the other based on the temperature-dependent strength as provided in the Eurocode EN 1992-1-2. Several finite element analyses are performed. The design of experiments is executed by a Correlation Latin Hypercube Sampling. The calculated probability of failure has different values depending on the adopted failure criteria. A sensitivity analysis using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was carried out and demonstrates that the uncertainty related to the specific heat has the greatest impact on the results.
This paper presents a probabilistic methodology based on the thermo-mechanical finite elements analysis to investigate the impact of the variability of the thermal properties of the concrete in the fire safety of structures. This is meant to evaluate if characteristic values or safety factors for the conductivity and specific heat are required during the semi-probabilistic structural fire safety assessment. To illustrate the use of the proposed methodology, this work includes a case-study with a tunnel lining which considers the uncertainties related to the thermal and mechanical properties of the concrete, the soil load, and the temperatures described by the standard temperature-time curve. Two failure criteria are considered: one was the maximum temperature of 300 °C at the reinforcement and the other based on the temperature-dependent strength as provided in the Eurocode EN 1992-1-2. Several finite element analyses are performed. The design of experiments is executed by a Correlation Latin Hypercube Sampling. The calculated probability of failure has different values depending on the adopted failure criteria. A sensitivity analysis using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was carried out and demonstrates that the uncertainty related to the specific heat has the greatest impact on the results.
Heute verfügbare Technik ermöglicht es, die Wärmetransportmechanismen im Brand, an der Bauteiloberfläche und im Bauteil mittels CFD zu koppeln. Die Kopplung von Fluid und Struktur wurde am Beispiel eines 100-MW-Tunnelbrands mit CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) untersucht. Die instationären Berechnungen wurden mit dem CFD-Programm ANSYS Fluent durchgeführt. Der infolge eines Lkw-Unfalls verursachte n-Heptan-(C7H16)-Brand wurde mit dem Eddy-Dissipation-Verbrennungsmodell modelliert.
Das Fluid- und Solid-Gebiet wurden durch ein ‚Interface‘ gekoppelt. Die instationäre Wärmeleitung des Bauteils mit einer Höhe von 0,4 m wurde mit der dreidimensionalen Fourier´schen Wärmeleitungsgleichung modelliert und das instationäre thermische Verhalten des quarzhaltigen Betonbauteils analysiert. Temperaturabhängige Stoffkennwerte wurden berücksichtigt.
In Europa kommen ca. 80 % der Brandtoten bei Wohnungsbränden ums Leben. Dabei sind Brände in Wohn- und Schlafzimmern besonders gefährlich. Einige Objekte, wie Polstermöbel und Fernseher, stellen im Brandfall eine besonders große Gefahr dar, da sie sich schon durch kleine Zündquellen, wie ein Feuerzeug oder eine Kerze, leicht entzünden lassen, eine hohe Wärmefreisetzungsrate haben und viel Rauch produzieren. Ein einzelnes Sofa kann in einem Raum einen Flashover erzeugen. Besonders im Kinderzimmer tritt oft eine Häufung an besonders gefährlichen Objekten wie Polstermöbeln, Matratzen und elektrischen Geräten auf. Da Kinder sich im Brandfall oft falsch verhalten sie verstecken sich an schwer zugänglichen Orten wie unter dem Bett oder im Schrank anstatt den Raum zu verlassen sind sie besonders gefährdet.
Brände in Wohnungen entwickeln sich heutzutage sehr schnell, weil der Anteil an brennbaren Materialien in Einrichtungsgegenständen und elektrischen Geräte in den letzten Jahren signifikant zugenommen hat. Insbesondere Brände in Kinderzimmern können sehr gefährlich sein, was mehrere Brände in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren belegen. Um die Brand- und Rauchentwicklung bei einem solchen Brand zu untersuchen, wurde ein Testraum wie ein typisches Kinderzimmer möbliert und mit 36 Thermoelementen sowie einem Druckmessgerät ausgestattet. Zusätzlich wurden Rauchmelder installiert. Der Brand wurde mittels eines Teelichts initiiert, das für ca. eine Sekunde mit einer Matratze in Kontakt gebracht wurde. Der Feuerüberschlag fand nach nur vier Minuten statt. Sowohl die Brandlast als auch die Brand- und Rauchentwicklung wurden untersucht. Vorschriften zur Brandsicherheit von Einrichtungsgegenständen, elektrischen Geräten und Spielzeugen wurden diskutiert. Ergänzend wurde der Temperaturanstieg im Brandraum unter Anwendung des Verfahrens von McCaffrey vorhergesagt.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fires in homes develop very fast nowadays, because the amount of
combustible materials in furniture and electrical devices has increased
significantly in recent years. Especially fires in children's
rooms can be very hazardous as several recent fires in Germany
showed. To investigate the fire and smoke development in such a fire
the test room was furnished like a typical childrens room and
equipped with 36 thermocouples and a pressure measurement device.
Also smoke detectors were installed. The fire was ignited by a small
candle which was in contact with a mattress only for one second.
Flashover occurred only after 4 minutes. The fire load and the fire and
smoke development were investigated. The fire safety regulations for
the furnishings, electrical devices and toys were discussed. Additionally
the temperature rise in the compartment was predicted according
to the method of McCaffrey.
The amount of heat, which is released by fire loads during the combustion
process, depends on the material characteristics, the ventilation
conditions, the storage density and the distribution. To evaluate the
structural stability of buildings in case of fire, the fire load has to be
quantified. In Germany, the fire load is quantified by using the combustion
factor m, while internationally the combustion efficiency χ is
applied. Both factors assess the burning behavior of materials, but the
determination is carried out in different ways. Since the testing facility
was abolished fifteen years ago, it is not possible to determine the combustion
factor m anymore. So, it should be found out, if the combustion
efficiency χ is a convenient method to quantify the fire load under the
consideration of the German standards. As a part of the research, combustion
efficiencies χ were determined for eight materials in the cone
calorimeter and the single burning item test at different heat fluxes.
The values of the combustion efficiencies χ as well as the corresponding
combustion factors m were discussed and compared to the values of the
literature. The results show an influence of the testing facility on the
combustion efficiency. The values of the combustion efficiency determined
in the single burning item test were higher than the values from
the cone calorimeter.
In this paper, the influence of a fixed water mist firefighting system on a high-speed non-premixed horizontal methane jet fire is investigated with focus on its effect on temperatures and heat load of the jet fire and on ist surroundings. Six tests are performed in which gas is released out of an orifice with a diameter of 1 mm and a release pressure of up to 186 bar. In addition to temperature and radiation measurements, the release pressure, gas mass flow rate and exhaust gas concentrations are detected to determine the heat release. Video and IRanalysis are used to evaluate the interactions between jet fire and water mist. The experiments show, that water mist reduces the temperatures inside the jet fire flow field and its radiative heat flux. It can lower the Risk of ignition of adjacent surfaces and materials, as temperatures fall below autoignition temperatures of common materials like plastics. Although water mist does not extinguish the fire, it has an impact on the energy release by reducing combustion efficiency due to heat exchange with the water mist and oxygen displacement.
From a fire safety point of view, the burning behavior of lithium-ion batteries is of high interest. The heat release rate (HRR) is the most important fire parameter to analyze the fire hazards of burning objects, so that an accurate determination of it is crucial. In this paper, two different measurement techniques, the Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry (OCC) and the Sensible Enthalpy Rise Approach (SERA) are simultaneously performed in the same calorimeter to measure the HRR of two different types of lithium-ion batteries. HRR values as well as total energies determined by SERA are higher than measured with OCC: The total energy released is about 10–12 times (SERA) and 6–9.5 times (OCC) the electrical stored energy for both battery types, whereas the timescales of the release differ strongly between the types, resulting in maximum HRRs of 3.4 MW (SERA) and 1.5 MW (OCC)
for one module of type A and 0.8 MW (SERA) and 0.6 (OCC) of type B respectively. Furthermore, a sensitive dependency of the HRR measurement with SERA on the position of the wall temperature measurement is observed.
Vor dem Hintergrund der Zurückziehung der DIN 18230 Teil 2 zur Bestimmung des m-Faktors von Materialien für die Brandlastbewertung im Industriebau müssen neue Wege gefunden werden, wie das Abbrandverhalten alternativ quantifiziert werden kann. Der Beitrag fasst die Entstehung und die Entwicklung der Bestimmungsweise von Abbrandfaktoren zusammen und gibt Ausblick auf eine neue Möglichkeit zur Bewertung von Brandlasten, die Verbrennungseffizienz.