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Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 8 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (54)
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- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (4)
Spuren leicht flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen mikrobiellen Ursprungs (MVOC) in der Luft von Innenräumen können das Vorhandensein von Schimmelpilzen indizieren. Die Anwendung der Ionenmobilitätsspektrometrie (IMS) zur Detektion von leicht flüchtigen schimmelpilzspezifischenVerbindungen ist wegen ihrer hohen Empfindlichkeit viel versprechend. Um dieses analytisch-chemische Verfahren für eine Innenraumdiagnostik zu nutzen, wurde ein mobil einsetzbares Gerät zur Vor-Ort-Detektion getestet. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden MVOC-Prüfgase im Labor generiert. Die Prüfgase wurden durch permeative Beimengungen in einen definierten Gasstrom hergestellt. Anhand dieser Prüfgase wurden die typischen IMS-Parameter, wie reduzierte Mobilität (K0), relative Driftzeit (trd), Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Signale und daraus resultierend die Nachweisgrenze des Ionenmobilitätsspektrometer ermittelt. Die bestimmten Nachweisgrenzen der 14 untersuchten MVOC liegen im Bereich zwischen 2 und 192 μg m-3 (1 bis 51 ppbV). Im zweiten Teil wurden sieben oft im Innenraum nachgewiesene Schimmelpilzarten auf Nährmedien kultiviert und ihre produzierten MVOC detektiert. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass Schimmelpilze art- und altersabhängige MVOC-Emissionen aufweisen. Eine statistische Auswertung und Bestätigung zeigte die Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse (PCA). Versuchsbegleitend erfolgte eine Identifizierung der MVOC durch gaschromatographische Analysen und bestätigte die IMS-Ergebnisse. Beim Schimmelpilzwachstum einer Mischsporenkultur auf drei verschiedenen Baumaterialien wurden die produzierten MVOC detektiert. Die IMS-Spektren wurden chemometrisch durch eine PCA ausgewertet. Es können die Spektren von unbeimpften und mit Schimmelpilzkulturen beimpften Baumaterialien damit unterscheiden werden ohne die stoffliche Zusammensetzung der Emissionskammerluft zu kennen. Im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde das IMS in 27 Feldversuchen eingesetzt, um MVOC und damit ein Schimmelpilzwachstum in Innenräumen zu detektieren. In 59 % der Fälle wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen einem sichtbaren Schimmelpilzbefall und den mittels IMS detektierten MVOC ermittelt.
Ammonia and its reaction products can cause considerable damage of human health and ecosystems, increasing the necessity for reliable and reversible sensors to monitor traces of gaseous ammonia in ambient air directly on-site or in the field. Although various types of gas sensors are available, fluorescence sensors have gained importance due to advantages such as high sensitivity and facile miniaturization.
Here, we present the development of a sensor material for the detection of gaseous ammonia in the lower ppm to ppb range by incorporation of a fluorescent dye, which shows reversible fluorescence modulations as a function of analyte concentration, into a polymer matrix to ensure the accumulation of ammonia. A gas standard generator producing standard gas mixtures, which comply with the metrological traceability in the desired environmentally relevant measurement range, was used to calibrate the optical sensor system. To integrate the sensor material into a mobile device, a prototype of a hand-held instrument was developed, enabling straightforward data acquisition over a long period.
This work focuses on the design and fabrication of low-cost and fast-response of an electronic nose (E-nose) based on semiconductor gas sensors, for discriminating some synthetic gases such as ammonia (NH3), ethanol (C2H5OH), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Additionally, the capability of separating different concentration levels of each considered gases was checked. Dataset treatment of E-nose by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a good discrimination of the different synthetic gases. Furthermore, perfect classification was reached of different concentration levels of the analysed gases by using Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). In the light of these results, it could be stated that the developed E-nose system constitutes an inexpensive, rapid, simple to use, and efficient tool for synthetic gases detection.
Pollution through emission of toxic gases is an increasing problem for the environment. It affects similarly agricultural, industrial and urban areas. In future, environmental emissions in ambient air must be monitored at even lower concentrations as nowadays. One environmental relevant compound is ammonia and its conversion product ammonium that have strong negative impact on human health and ecosystems. Most ammonia measurements in ambient air are performed in the range below 1000 nmol·mol-1 and thus there is a need for reliable traceable ammonia gas standards and in addition in situ analytical procedures for monitoring (in ambient air to avoid that thresholds are exceeded). Therefore, the use of reference materials is necessary for development accompanying test or for calibration, e. g. of structure-integrated sensors and mobile multi-gas sensors.
The developed gas standard generator produces gas mixtures that comply with the metrological traceability for ammonia gas standards in the desired environmentally relevant measurement range. The method is based on the permeation of ammonia through a membrane at constant temperature and pressure. The resulting ammonia penetrant gas flow is then mixed with a carrier gas flow to generate a gas standard flow of known concentration. The dynamic rage is enlarged by using a two dilution steps. Depending on the permeation rate, generable molar fractions are possible in the range nmol·mol-1 to a few µmol·mol-1. We present the design of an ammonia gas standard generator and first results of the characterisation of its individual components supporting the uncertainty assessment according to GUM for stable gas concentrations in this range. The relative uncertainty of the generated ammonia gas standard is smaller than 4 % (k = 2).
To ensure accurate results, it is advisable to conduct sensor testing under controlled conditions, focusing on identifying specific properties and quantifying performance criteria. The necessity of these evaluations lies in determining if a potentially beneficial sensor is a good fit for a specific application. Devices are typically factory-calibrated in according to ISO/IEC 17025, followed by testing/validation prior to intended use. Subsequent inspections/validations performance tests and long-term stability should be repeated in appropriate intervals.
We present the testing and calibration validation of a hydrogen sensor intended for safety applications, using dynamic dilution of hydrogen into clean, dry air.
• Sensor testing for the determination of non-explosive gas mixture composition, response time and characteristic curves of gas sensors, gas measuring devices.
• Hydrogen mole fraction: 100 μmol/mol to > 4.0 cmol/mol – (approximately equal to 0.1 Vol-% to > 4.0 Vol-%)
• Humidity: frost-point temperatures in the range of -85 °C to 15 °C (equal to 0.2 μmol/mol to 17000 μmol/mol humidity mole fraction) at ambient pressure
• Sensor output provided directly in hydrogen volume percent, as defined by the factory calibration.
The results obtained from the device under test demonstrate the effectiveness of the evaluated gas sensor in detecting and quantifying hydrogen. Its responses to different amounts of hydrogen in air and reliably returns to zero. To quantify the generated hydrogen mole fractions in situ and in operando, a process-GC-TCD-TCD system calibrated against our primary gas standards was used, ensuring the highest accuracy as a designated institute for primary gas standards.
This procedure provides a foundation for modern and efficient quality assurance of gas sensors.
The detection of the aroma and flavour volatile compounds of spices is key in product quality control. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop new electronic sensing systems for food adulteration control and authenticity assessment for protecting customer's health.
In this work, the capability of the E-nose and VE-tongue in combination with SPME-GC-MS to correctly discriminate between several cumin samples of different geographical origins and to detect their adulteration, by using unsupervised and supervised chemometric tools, was evaluated. Regarding the aroma profile, eleven volatile compounds were characterized by SPME-GC-MS; all of them were found in cumin powder while only eight are found in cumin seeds. The main volatile compounds detected were b-pinene, m-cymene, g-terpinene, cuminaldehyde and cuminic alcohol, in different proportions depending on the cumin sample form (seed or powder). In summary, the results obtained are sufficiently encouraging as a starting point for the development of new electronic sensing systems with more improvement in the reliability of the sensor's performance as well as chemometric tools in order to deal with a complex dataset.
Emissions of ammonia into the environment are mainly caused by agriculture, but also by combustion processes in waste and by road traffic. Even at low concentrations, this substance is not only an odour nuisance, but also a substance with ecological and climatic relevance. Therefore, BAM tested commercial electrochemical, and metal oxide based sensors, which have limited suitability for measuring in the environmental molar fraction range. Alternatively, own developments for the detection of ammonia in the trace range were implemented, wherein the analyte is measured by changing the fluorescence of a BODIPY dye at 550 nm by means of a portable fluorescence sensor directly from the gas phase. For the calibration of ammonia sensors and measuring instruments, a stationary system based on the mixture of certified test gases from pressure cylinders with calibrated mass flow controllers is available. A test gas generator was developed for on-site calibration and testing of sensors and measuring devices. The generation of ammonia-containing gases in the environmental relevant range of levels below 1000 nmol/mol is carried out by the permeation method according to ISO 6145-10. For the traceability of ammonia, standards are provided and further developed by the National Metrological Institutes and designated institutes. Metrological standards are based on SI units and are a basis for traceability of sensors or gas analysers.
The internal project "SealWasteSafe" of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing is dedicated to the further improvement in the construction of sealing systems for underground repositories of radioactive waste. Particularly, a multi-sensory concept is developed to ensure quality assurance and continuous long-term monitoring on the engineered barriers. Therefore, beside other measures, the temperature and equilibrium moisture of the construction shall be monitored and respective multi-sensoric monitoring concepts are tested first on the laboratory scale. One focus in this project is on embedded application in alkali-activated mortars (AAM), which results in special requirements for the resistance of the sensors to strongly alkaline environments with up to pH 14. In addition, the ingress of water along cables or at sensor positions is critical for sensors embedded in concrete, as the cable access of the sensor housing is a major weak point. It is therefore advisable to equip wireless high frequent radio frequency identification-based sensors, so called HF RFID sensors (short: RFID), that do not require cable access and thus have a stable and leak-proof sensor housing for long-term monitoring. In this contribution, the results from temperature, moisture and transmitted power monitoring of a AAM and a M2 specimens by means of HF RFID sensor systems are presented.
Design and Implementation of Smart Multisensor Monitoring System for Safe Workplaces with LoRaWAN
(2020)
This project addresses the application of safe workplaces in offices and chemical laboratories where indoor air quality plays an important role. The LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is used as a communication interface to make important sensor data globally accessible. The goal of the development is to create a sensor node and an online and offline solution that collects the data from the sensor nodes and stores it on a local server or in a cloud. In cooperation with the companies WISTA GmbH and IONOS, a test sensor network is going to be established in the Berlin-Adlershof area.