Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2011 (9) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (4)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (3)
- Buchkapitel (1)
- Vortrag (1)
Schlagworte
- Bauprodukte (2)
- Cultural heritage (2)
- Earth masonry (2)
- Lehmbau (2)
- Material test (2)
- Normen (2)
- Abri Pataud (1)
- Chalcopyrite-type (1)
- Chemical mapping (1)
- Comparison (1)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (1)
The present work shows results on elemental distribution analyses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for solar cells performed by use of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope, EDX in a transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron, angle-dependent soft X-ray emission, secondary ion-mass (SIMS), time-of-flight SIMS, sputtered neutral mass, glow-discharge optical emission and glow-discharge mass, Auger electron, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, by use of scanning Auger electron microscopy, Raman depth profiling, and Raman mapping, as well as by use of elastic recoil detection analysis, grazing-incidence X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction, and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films used for the present comparison were produced during the same identical deposition run and exhibit thicknesses of about 2 µm. The analysis techniques were compared with respect to their spatial and depth resolutions, measuring speeds, availabilities, and detection limits.
Structural performances of earthen building materials. A comparison between different typologies
(2011)
Traditional construction techniques utilizing earthen materials are often seen as inferior compared to modern ways of building. Structural earthen elements are perceived as vulnerable towards environmental influences (moisture, frost) and in particular towards the load scenarios during earthquakes. In comparison to the recent advances in research on stone and brick masonry, knowledge on the structural performance of earthen building construction is limited and scattered. Consequently the confidence in the performance of these earthen buildings constructed in the traditional techniques during earthquakes is fairly low. The research presented here aims to make a comparison of mechanical behavior between different earth masonry material typologies, consisting of earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob. The paper has been developed in the framework of a larger research program called NIKER. BAM and other seventeen research partners from the Mediterrean area are jointly involved to develop and validate innovative materials and technologies for the systemic improvement of the seismic behavior of Cultural Heritage assets
The paper has been developed in the framework of a larger EC‐research program called NIKER, in which BAM and other seventeen research partners from the Mediterrean area are jointly involved. It aims to develop and validate innovative materials and technologies for the systemic improvement of the seismic behavior of Cultural Heritage assets. The death tolls brought about by recent catastrophes in
developing countries where many inhabitants lived in earthen dwellings (Gujarat, India 2001, Bam, Iran 2003 and Concepción, Chile 2010 Earthquakes, Tamil Nadu 2004 Tsunami) have brought about research studies aimed at improving earth construction in terms of strength, seismic resistance and speed of construction.
In comparison to the recent advances in research on stone and brick masonry, knowledge on the material properties and failure mechanisms of earthen Building construction is limited and scattered.
The research presented here by aims making a comparison of mechanical behaviour between different earth masonry material typologies, consisting of earth block masonry, rammed earth and cob.
Today, building is a complicated commercial process characterised by legalised agreements between all participants. For commercial building projects, all materials and constructions have to conform to building standards and regulations. Material properties must be reproducible in standardised test procedures. This also applies for the control of the quality of production of earth building materials and constructions. Building conservation is a part of this process. Generally, national building standards have to reflect the current situation of building materials / construction systems of that country for which they have been developed.
The Final Gravettian level (level 2) of the abri Pataud (Dordogne, France) yielded a large assemblage of body ornaments that consists essentially of 85 quite standardized rectangular beads. Some uncertainty remained about the raw material in which these small beads were made: mammoth ivory, reindeer antler or bone? Non-invasive methods were employed in order to determine the raw material. First chemical analyses using microbeam Proton Induced X-ray Emission analysis (microPIXE) did not enable us to conclude definitively. Therefore, synchrotron and laboratory X-ray microtomography (microCT) were applied on eight beads and allowed us to identify ivory for all of them except for one, which shows slightly different morphological features.
Lehm ist ein seit Jahrtausenden bewährter, weit verbreiteter und heute ein moderner Baustoff. Für vordringliche Bauaufgaben in der Altbausanierung, dem energieeffizienten Neubau sowie dem Bauen in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern ist Lehm hervorragend geeignet. Der Baustoff Lehm ist zu einem Material für anspruchsvolle Bauvorhaben geworden. Seine Ästhetik und Ausstrahlung, seine Wirkung für Raumklima und Wohlbefinden werden von vielen Menschen geschätzt. Besonders zukunftsrelevant sind die umweltspezifischen Eigenschaften des Materials, z.B. die unerreichbar günstige Energiebilanz vieler Lehmbaustoffe. Lehmsteine werden im Neubau überwiegend für die Ausmauerung von Holzständerkonstruktionen verwendet (Bild 1). Die Anwendung für tragende Wände ist derzeit noch untergeordnet, gewinnt aber an Bedeutung.
In der Altbausanierung und Denkmalpflege wird Lehm als historisch authentischer Baustoff und aufgrund seiner bauphysikalischen Qualitäten vielfältig eingesetzt.
During the mineralisation of metal carbonates MCO3 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Cd, Pb) liquid-like amorphous intermediates emerge. These intermediates that form via a liquid/liquid phase separation behave like a classical emulsion and are stabilized electrostatically. The occurrence of these intermediates is attributed to the formation of highly hydrated networks whose stability is mainly based on weak interactions and the variability of the metal-containing pre-critical clusters. Their existence and compositional freedom are evidenced by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Liquid intermediates in non-classical crystallisation pathways seem to be more common than assumed.