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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (41)
Creep and creep damage behavior of stainless steel 316L manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
(2022)
This study presents a thorough characterization of the creep properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF 316L) contributing to the sparse available data to date. Experimental results (mechanical tests, microscopy, X-ray computed tomography) concerning the creep deformation and damage mechanisms are presented and discussed. The tested LPBF material exhibits a low defect population, which allows for the isolation and improved understanding of the effect of other typical aspects of an LPBF microstructure on the creep behavior. As a benchmark to assess the material properties of the LPBF 316L, a conventionally manufactured variant of 316L was also tested. To characterize the creep properties, hot tensile tests and constant force creep tests at 600 °C and 650 °C are performed. The creep stress exponents of the LPBF material are smaller than that of the conventional variant. The primary and secondary creep stages and the times to rupture of the LPBF material are shorter than the hot rolled 316L. Overall the creep damage is more extensive in the LPBF material. The creep damage of the LPBF material is overall mainly intergranular. It is presumably caused and accelerated by both the appearance of precipitates at the grain boundaries and the unfavorable orientation of the grain boundaries. Neither the melt pool boundaries nor entrapped gas pores show a significant influence on the creep damage mechanism.
In our current view, reference datasets in the MSE domain represent specific material properties, e.g., structural, mechanical, … characteristics. A reference dataset must fulfill high-quality standards, not only in precision of measurement but also in a comprehensive documentation of material, processing, and testing history (metadata). This Infrastructure Use Case (IUC) aims to develop a framework for generating reference material datasets using creep data of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy as a best practice example. In a community-driven process, we aim to encourage the discussion and establish a framework for the creation and distribution of reference material datasets. In this poster presentation, we highlight our current vision and activities and intend to stimulate the discussion about the topic reference datasets and future collaborations and work.
Characterization of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by multilayer laser powder-based directed energy deposition
(2022)
Laser powder-based directed energy deposition (DED-L) is increasingly being used in additive manufacturing (AM). As AM technology, DED-L must consider specific challenges. It must achieve uniform volume growth over hundreds of layers and avoid heat buildup of the deposited material. Herein, Ti–6Al–4V is fabricated using an approach that addresses these challenges and is relevant in terms of transferability to DED–L applications in AM. The assessment of the obtained properties and the discussion of their relationship to the process conditions and resulting microstructure are presented. The quality of the manufacturing process is proven in terms of the reproducibility of properties between individual blanks and with respect to the building height. The characterization demonstrates that excellent mechanical properties are achieved at room temperature and at 400 °C.
AbstractHigh-strength aluminum alloys used in aerospace and automotive applications obtain their strength through precipitation hardening. Achieving the desired mechanical properties requires precise control over the nanometer-sized precipitates. However, the microstructure of these alloys changes over time due to aging, leading to a deterioration in strength. Typically, the size, number, and distribution of precipitates for a quantitative assessment of microstructural changes are determined by manual analysis, which is subjective and time-consuming. In our work, we introduce a progressive and automatable approach that enables a more efficient, objective, and reproducible analysis of precipitates. The method involves several sequential steps using an image repository containing dark-field transmission electron microscopy (DF-TEM) images depicting various aging states of an aluminum alloy. During the process, precipitation contours are generated and quantitatively evaluated, and the results are comprehensibly transferred into semantic data structures. The use and deployment of Jupyter Notebooks, along with the beneficial implementation of Semantic Web technologies, significantly enhances the reproducibility and comparability of the findings. This work serves as an exemplar of FAIR image and research data management.
Die zunehmende geopolitische Bedeutung der Ressourcenverfügbarkeit sowie die Anforderungen an einen geschlossenen Materialkreislauf treiben die Materialforschung voran, um konventionelle Werkstoffe mit weniger kritischen Zusätzen zu legieren oder sogar vollständig mit nachhaltigeren Alternativen zu substituieren. Eine potenzielle Alternative stellen die intermetallischen Eisenaluminid-Legierungen (FeAl) dar. Im Labormaßstab wurden bereits viele Legierungskonzepte für verbesserte Hochtempera- tureigenschaften oder Duktilität erfolgreich gießtechnisch umgesetzt. Eine erfolgreiche Erprobung von FeAl-Legierungen im industriellen Maßstab stand zu Beginn des Projekts aber weiterhin aus. Ziel des Vorhabens war daher die Entwicklung von simulationsgestützten Gießkonzepten in industrienahe Gießprozesse anhand der Modelllegierung Fe-26Al-4Mo-0,5Ti-1B und die Eingrenzung der prozesstechnischen Verfahrensgrenzen durch Warmrissversuche. Erkenntnisse hieraus wurden in einen praxisorientierten, für zukünftige Anwender in KMUs zugänglichen Handlungskatalog für die gießgerechte Auslegung von Bauteilen aus Eisenaluminiden überführt. Fokus wurde insbesondere auf das Feinguss- und Kokillengussverfahren im Schleuderguss gesetzt. Neben zahlreicher Konstruktions- und Gießprozessparameter wurden auch Wärmebehandlungen und Legierungszusätze (Al, Mo, B) variiert, um den Einfluss von Legierungselementen auf Gießbarkeit, Mikrostruktur und mechanische Kennwerte zu be- stimmen. Eine umfangreiche Basis an Daten aus Mikrostrukturanalysen (Mikroskopische Bildgebung, Bestimmung von Korngrößen sowie Phasenzusammensetzungen und -anteilen, Fraktographie), mechanischen Tests (Härtemessungen, Druckversuch, Zugversuch, Warmzugversuch, Kriechversuch) sowie Messungen thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften konnte für die Modelllegierung erzeugt werden. Korrelationen dieser Informationen mit Prozessvariablen erlaubten Schlussfolgerungen zu Härtungsmechanismen und Duktilität in der Legierung und wie sie prozesstechnisch in Gieß- und Bauteilauslegung gesteuert werden können. Der erfolgreiche Abguss von hochkomplexen Bauteilgeometrien mit dünnen Wandstärken sowie optimierte Legierungszusammensetzungen zeigen Perspektiven auf neue Anwendungsfelder auf.
Das Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens ist erreicht worden.
Werkstoffe im Hochtemperatureinsatz verändern mit der Zeit ihre Mikrostruktur. Mit diesem Alterungsprozess einher geht eine Veränderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften ebenso wie eine Veränderung des Schädigungsverhaltens. Im Rahmen des FVV Vorhabens „Alterung und Lebensdauer“ haben das Fraunhofer IWM in Freiburg und die BAM in Berlin die weit verbreitete warmfeste Aluminiumlegierung EN AW-2618A in verschiedenen Alterungszuständen experimentell charakterisiert und darauf aufbauend Modelle für die Lebensdauerbewertung mit der Finite-Elemente- Methode implementiert.
Materials subjected to high-temperature service conditions will change their microstructure with time. Associated with this aging process is a change of mechanical properties as well as a change of damage mechanisms. Within the scope of the FVV project Aging and Lifetime, Fraunhofer IWM in Freiburg and BAM in Berlin (both Germany) experimentally characterized the widespread high-temperature aluminum alloy EN AW-2618A in different overaging states. Based on the experimental findings, models for numerical lifetime assessment with the finite-element method were implemented.
The damage mechanisms of metallic components produced by process laser powder bed fusion differ significantly from those typically observed in conventionally manufactured variants of the same alloy. This is due to the unique microstructures of additively manufactured materials. Herein, the focus is on the study of the evolution of creep damage in stainless steel 316L specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion. X-ray computed tomography is used to unravel the influence of the process-specific microstructure from the influence of the initial void distribution on creep damage mechanisms. The void distribution of two specimens tested at 600 °C and 650 °C is analyzed before a creep test, after an interruption, and after fracture. The results indicate that the formation of damage is not connected to the initial void distribution. Instead, damage accumulation at grain boundaries resulting from intergranular cracking is observed.