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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Der Einsatz von nichtrostenden Duplexstählen im Bauwesen findet in den letzten Jahren zu-nehmende Verbreitung. Insbesondere die Lean-Duplexstähle sind aufgrund geringerer not-wendiger Legierungszuschläge von Nickel und Molybdän eine kostengünstigere Alternative zu den jahrzehntelang etablierten austenitischen Stahlsorten. Verschiedene Korrosionsuntersu-chungen an der BAM sowie Erfahrungen aus der Anwendung konnten nachweisen, dass Lean-Duplexstähle unter verschiedenen Einsatzbedingungen ein vergleichbar gutes, in man-chen Fällen sogar besseres Korrosionsverhalten aufweisen als austenitische Referenzwerkstoffe der gleichen Korrosionswiderstandsklasse. Im Hinblick auf die technisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften konnten von der Fa. Modersohn initiierte Untersuchungen zeigen, dass unter Beachtung der gefügebedingten Einsatzgrenzen eine gute Verarbeitbarkeit und mechanische Sicherheit bei gleichzeitiger Materialeinsparung gewährleistet werden kann. Die positiven Ver-suchsergebnisse haben wesentlich zur Akzeptanz und einer damit einhergehenden Erweiterung der Einsatzgebiete dieser alternativen Werkstoffe im Bauwesen beigetragen.
The stress-induced tetragonal to monoclinic (t-m) zirconia phase transformation can provide a certain degree of plasticity to Ceria-stabilized (Ce-TZP) zirconia-based composites. Characterizing and monitoring this phase transition on a millimeter-size range, within the bulk and in-situ remains a challenge. In this work, the mechanical behavior of Ce-TZP based composite was studied in tension, combining microscopy and synchrotron Xray refraction techniques. In contrast with microscopy methods, which only provide surface information, X-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) allowed the visualization of all the transformation bands, over the entire length and thickness of tested specimens, opening up new avenues for in-situ stress-induced t-m transformation studies.
Oral bioavailability of cyclosporine: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN®) versus drug nanocrystals
(2006)
For the development of an optimized oral formulation for cyclosporine A, 2% of this drug has been formulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN, mean size 157 nm) and as nanocrystals (mean size 962 nm). The encapsulation rate of SLN was found to be 96.1%. Nanocrystals are composed of 100% of drug. For the assessment of the pharmacokinetic parameters the developed formulations have been administered via oral route to three young pigs. Comparison studies with a commercial Sandimmun Neoral/Optoral® used as reference have been performed. The blood profiles observed after oral administration of the commercial microemulsion Sandimmun® revealed a fast absorption of drug leading to the observation of a plasma peak above 1000 ng/ml within the first 2 h. For drug nanocrystals most of the blood concentrations were in the range between 30 and 70 ng/ml over a period of 14 h. These values were very low, showing huge differences between the measuring time points and between the tested animals. On the contrary, administration of cyclosporine-loaded SLN led to a mean plasma profile with almost similarly low variations in comparison to the reference microemulsion, however with no initial blood peak as observed with the Sandimmun Neoral/Optoral®. Comparing the area under the curves (AUC) obtained with the tested animals it could be stated that the SLN formulation avoids side effects by lacking blood concentrations higher than 1000 ng/ml. In this study it has been proved that using SLN as a drug carrier for oral administration of cyclosporine A a low variation in bioavailability of the drug and simultaneously avoiding the plasma peak typical of the first Sandimmun® formulation can be achieved.
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were produced loaded with cyclosporine A in order to develop an improved oral formulation. In this study, the particles were characterized with regard to the structure of the lipid particle matrix, being a determining factor for mode of drug incorporation and drug release. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements were employed for the analysis of the polymorphic modifications and mode of drug incorporation. Particles were produced using Imwitor®900 as lipid matrix (the suspension consisted of 10% particles, 8% Imwitor®900, 2% cyclosporine A), 2.5% Tagat S, 0.5% sodium cholate and 87% water. DSC and WAXS were used to analyse bulk lipid, bulk drug, drug incorporated in the bulk and unloaded and drug-loaded SLN dispersions. The processing of the bulk lipid into nanoparticles was accompanied by a polymorphic transformation from the ß to the α-modification. After production, the drug-free SLN dispersions converted back to ß-modification, while the drug-loaded SLN stayed primarily in α-modification. After incorporation of cyclosporine A into SLN, the peptide lost its crystalline character. Based on WAXS data, it could be concluded that cyclosporine is molecularly dispersed in between the fatty acid chains of the liquid-crystalline α-modification fraction of the loaded SLN.