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- Ductile cast iron (4)
- Dynamic crack resistance curve (3)
- Key curve (2)
- Brüche (1)
- Compliance ratio method (1)
- Constraint (1)
- Crack propagation (1)
- Crack resistance curve (1)
- Damage and fracture behaviour (1)
- Dampferzeuger (1)
A two-dimensional analysis of the Charpy V-notch specimen subjected to impact loading, according to the standard DIN EN 10045-1, is carried out, using a transient explicit dynamic finite element program. An elastic-viscoplastic, temperature dependent, constitutive relation for a porous plastic solid based on the Gurson damage model is developed. Ductile fracture of the matrix material will be described by the nucleation and subsequent growth of voids to coalescence. An updated Lagrange–Jaumann formulation is employed accounting for large strain and rotation. The discretization is based on four-node plane strain solid elements with one Gauss point. The equations of motion are integrated numerically by an explicit integration algorithm utilising a lumped mass matrix. The predictions of the numerical analysis in terms of force deflection response, crack resistance behaviour and deformation energy absorbtion are compared with results from Charpy tests which were carried out according to the low-blow technique.
Dynamic fracture mechanics characteristics are required for design and safety proof of advanced
ductile cast iron (DCI) components. In this paper, the analytical compliance ratio
(CR) and numerical finite element (FE) key curve methods were investigated for dynamic Rcurve
testing. Two DCI materials, a purely ferritic and a ferritic one with 18 % of pearlite,
were tested at room temperature (RT) and -40 °C. The special focus is on the impact of the
materials damage and fracture behaviour on performance and limitations of the investigated
methods.
Systematic metallographic and fractographic microstructural analyses were performed accompanying
the test program. Summarizing systematics of the specific damage behaviour
and fracture mechanisms were developed taking microstructure, loading rate, specimen geometry
and test temperature into account.
There has been a change from ductile to brittle fracture mechanism observed at -40 °C with
ferritic DCI and even at RT with ferritic-pearlitic DCI. The ferritic-pearlitic DCI did not show Rcurve
behaviour at -40 °C and only single Juc values could be determined. Furthermore, with
ferritic-pearlitic DCI, random pearlite shares in the ligament caused the relation between
loading rate, force-deflection record and crack extension not to remain uniquely defined.
Therefore, the FE key curve method proofed not to be applicable since the FE model was
based on homogeneous isotropic material and ductile failure mode only. The analytical CR
key curve method worked well only with selected combinations of microstructure, specimen
geometry and temperature.
In summary it has to be concluded that a robust, accurate and sufficiently simple dynamic
key curve method that was suited for application in quality control of industrial relevant DCI
qualities cannot be provided currently.
Investigations on the breakdown of a heat recovery steam generator during the initial operation run
(2014)
Several years ago, in 2003, an industrial heat recovery steam generator in charge of generating process steam in a petrochemical refinery was installed and prepared for initial operation. The steam generator enclosed an evaporator section and a superheater section consisting mainly of bundles of tubes with the longest up to several metres in length. During initial operation test runs severe leakages in the evaporator and superheater modules became noticeable. The test runs were stopped and after disassembly, through-wall cracks in several tube bends were found. BAM was commissioned to carry out the investigations in order to find out the reasons for the failure of the tubes. During on-site inspection a number of relevant damaged components and parts were selected and taken away to the laboratories for detailed inspection. Planned analyses were to comprise metallographic as well as fractographic investigations, mechanical fatigue testing and experimental as well as finite element vibration analyses on specimens and components. Soon, the fracture mechanism was found to be mechanical fatigue due to the fact that the examined fracture surfaces showed the very characteristic beachmarks and colouring patterns. To identify the particular loading and time at which crack initiation and crack propagation took place, experimental and numerical vibration analyses of specific tubes as well as mechanical fatigue tests on tube bends were carried out. Thus it was possible to identify the eigenfrequencies of individual tubes, to estimate the dynamic response as well as the nominal stresses and, hence, experimentally characterise the in-service fatigue strength of the components. Mechanical and thermal comparative tests on tube bends were performed simulating the conditions during the initial test run in order to get crack surfaces comparable to that of the originally damaged components. Thereby it became obvious that the fatigue cracks were initiated by vibrations the tube bundles were exposed to during rail transport from the manufacturers site to the place of installation. Based on these results, the damaged components could be repaired or exchanged without modification of the construction, but the rules relating packaging and securing for shipping had to be revised.
Experimentelle und numerische ERmittlung dynamischer Risswiderstandskurven im Kerbschlagbiegeversuch
(2001)
Die bruchmechanische Beurteilung von Komponenten erfordert die Kenntnis von Risswiderstandskurven, die jedoch häufig aufgrund fehlenden Probenmaterials nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Vielmehr sind typische werkstofftechnische Kennwerte verfügbar, wie Streckgrenze, Zugfestig, Gleichmaßdehnung, Bruchdehnung sowie die Kerbschlagarbeit in der Hochlage und die laterale Breitung von Kerbschlagbiegeproben.
Das Materialmodell von Gurson beschreibt duktiles Risswachstum mit den Stadien Hohlraumentstehung, Hohlraumwachstum und Koaleszenz benachbarter Hohlräume bis zum makroskopischen Riss. Die Materialparameter des Gurson-Modells sind abhängig vom Werkstoff und der Temperatur, jedoch nicht von der Probengeometrie und Belastungsgeschwindigkeit, was eine Übertragung zwischen quasistatisch belasteten Bruchmechanikproben unterschiedlicher Geometrie und schlagartig belasteten Kerbschlagbiegeproben erlaubt.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Konstruktion von Risswiderstandskurven vorgestellt, die auf den grundlegenden Daten des Zugversuchs und der Kenntnis der Fließkurve basiert. Die Fließkurve bei dynamischer Belastung wird durch erprobte Vorgehensweisen ermittelt, die auf der Analyse der dann erhöhten Aktivierungsenergie von Versetzungen basieren. Die Parameter der duktilen Schädigung werden im wesentlichen durch die Simulation von Versuchen an gekerbten Rundzugproben und des Kerbschlagbiegeversuchs bzw. der Anpassung an die Kerbschlagarbeit in der Hochlage bestimmt.
Damit sind die Parameter der duktilen Schädigung bekannt, so dass durch die Simulation duktilen Rissfortschritts in Bruchmechanikproben die erforderlichen J-Risswiderstandskurven zur Verfügung gestellt werden können, was die Anwendung des klassischen J-Konzepts erlaubt. Wegen der Geometrieunabhängigkeit der ermittelten Materialparameter ist auch die direkte Anwendung des Gurson-Modells zur Sicherheitsanalyse angerissener Bauteile durchführbar.