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- 2017 (14) (entfernen)
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- Residual stresses (4)
- Eigenspannungen (3)
- Residual stress (3)
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- Additive Fertigung (2)
- Additive manufacturing (2)
- High-strength steels (2)
- MAG welding (2)
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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Residual stresses of welds become more and more important influencing cold cracking as well as the fatigue life of welded components. Low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials offer the opportunity to alter the residual stresses already during the welding process by means of ad- justed martensite phase transformation temperature (MS). In the current paper, welding residual stresses are studied putting the focus on MS while joining heavy steel sections with a thickness of 20 and 25 mm, respectively. The residual stress state was determined at the top surface using X-ray diffraction as well as in the bulk by neutron diffraction. The results com- pare the residual stresses present in a conventional weld and LTT welds when multi-pass welding of large-scale compo- nents was applied. Repeated phase transformation in the case of the LTT weld is more vital for the residual stresses present in the real-life-like joints. This accounts for the top surface in longitudinal direction but is most pronounced for the bulk of the welds. Detrimental tensile residual stresses are mainly re- duced in the bulk in comparison to a conventional filler wire even in multi-pass welds of thick steel sections.
Die additive Fertigung (AM) mittels Selective Laser Melting (SLM) bietet großes Potential hinsichtlich der Herstellung geometrisch komplexer Bauteile im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Fertigungsverfahren. Die sich während des Prozesses einstellenden Eigenspannungen können jedoch die Anwendung von SLM-Teilen einschränken, da sie die Tragfähigkeit reduzieren können und unerwünschten Verzug in Abhängigkeit der in der Fertigung festgelegten Randbedingungen verursachen können.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Eigenspannungen in SLM-Teilen unter Anwendung komplementärer Messtechniken. Das verwendete Material ist die Nickelbasis-Superlegierung 718. Die Legierung wird aufgrund ihrer überlegenen Korrosions- und Hochtemperaturbeständigkeit in vielen Anwendungen der Luft- und Raumfahrt- und der chemischen Industrie eingesetzt. Die Untersuchungen umfassen die Charakterisierung der Mikrostruktur sowie der Eigenspannungen in der Oberfläche als auch im Inneren der Bauteile. Für die Eigenspannungsanalyse wurden Röntgen-, Synchrotron- und Neutronenbeugung angewendet. Die Messungen wurden an der BAM, an der EDDI-Beamline bei BESSY II und an der E3-Beamline bei BER II des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Materialien und Energie (HZB) Berlin durchgeführt.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen unterschiedliche Eigenspannungsverteilungen auf der Grundlage der verschiedenen Techniken, d. h. eine Abhängigkeit von der Eindringtiefe der jeweiligen Strahlung in die Probe. Für die oberflächennahen Eigenspannungen ergeben sich für die Längs- und Querspannungskomponenten sowohl für Röntgen- als auch für Synchrotronbeugung hohe Werte im Bereich der Fließgrenze. Darüber hinaus offenbarte die synchrotronbasierte Messung einen Gradienten entlang der Breite und Länge der Probe für beide Spannungskomponenten. Anderseits wurden geringere Eigenspannungen im Innern des Materials gefunden. Diese können richtungsabhängig auch im Druckbereich liegen.
In the present study, samples fabricated by varying the deposition hatch length during selective laser melting of nickel based superalloy Inconel 718 were investigated. Microstructure and texture of these samples was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, combined with electron back-scattered diffraction, and residual stress assessment, using neutron diffraction method. Textured columnar grains oriented along the sample building direction were observed in the shorter hatch length processed sample. A ten-fold increase in the hatch length reduced the texture intensity by a factor of two attributed to the formation of finer grains in the longer hatch length sample. Larger gradients of transverse residual stress in the longer hatch length sample were also observed. Along the build direction, compressive stresses in the shorter hatch length and negligible stresses for the longer hatch length specimen were observed. Changes to the temperature gradient (G) in response to the hatch length variation, influenced the G to growth rate (R) ratio and the product G × R, in agreement with the microstructures and textures formed. For the residual stress development, geometry of the part also played an important role. In summary, tailored isotropy could be induced in Inconel 718 by a careful selection of parameters during selective laser melting.
Additive manufacturing (AM) by selective laser melting (SLM) offers ample scope for producing geometrically complex parts as compared to the traditional subtractive manufacturing strategies. However, the residual stresses which develop during the process can limit the application of SLM parts because they can reduce the load bearing capacity as well as induce unwanted distortion depending on the boundary conditions specified in manufacturing. This study aims at the characterization of residual stresses in SLM parts by using different measurement techniques. The material used is the nickel based super Alloy 718. Microstructure as well as surface and bulk residual stresses were characterised. For residual stress analysis X-ray, synchrotron and neutron diffraction were applied. The results show different residual stress states dependent on the penetration depth in the sample offered by the different measurement techniques. Samples of Alloy 718 manufactured by SLM process can show high tensile residual stresses in the surface as high as the yield strength of the wrought alloy. Residual stresses in the bulk show considerably lower stress values.