Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2017 (14) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (7)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (3)
- Vortrag (3)
- Posterpräsentation (1)
Schlagworte
- Residual stresses (4)
- Eigenspannungen (3)
- Residual stress (3)
- Welding (3)
- Additive Fertigung (2)
- Additive manufacturing (2)
- High-strength steels (2)
- MAG welding (2)
- Phase transformation (2)
- Process parameters (2)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (3)
Residual stresses and distortions in welded I-girders for steel construction are relevant when evaluating the stability of steel beams and column members. The application of high strength steels allows smaller wall thicknesses compared to conventional steels. Therefore, the risk of buckling has to be considered carefully. Due to the lack of knowledge concerning the residual stresses present after welding in high strength steel components conservative assumptions of their level and distribution is typically applied. In this study I-girders made of steels showing strengths of 355 MPa and 690 MPa were welded with varying heat input. Due to the dimension of the I-girders and the complex geometry the accessibility for residual stress measurement using X-ray diffraction was limited. Therefore, saw cutting accompanied by strain gauge measurement has been used to produce smaller sections appropriate to apply X-ray diffraction. The stress relaxation measured by strain gauges has been added to residual stresses determined by X-ray diffraction to obtain the original stress level and distribution before sectioning. The combination of both techniques can produce robust residual stress values. From practical point of view afford for strain gauge application can be limited to a number of measuring positions solely to record the global amount of stress relaxation. X-ray diffraction can be applied after sectioning to determine the residual stresses with sufficient spatial resolution.
Die Schicht-für-Schicht additive Fertigung (AM) in Form des selektiven Laserschmelzens (SLM) bietet einerseits Vorteile bezüglich des Probendesigns, andererseits sind thermische Eigenspannungen (ES) aufgrund des hohen Temperaturgradienten unvermeidbar. Diese Eigenspannungen wurden in zwei SLM-gefertigten Proben aus IN718 zerstörungsfrei mit Neutronenstreuung hinsichtlich der folgenden zwei Einflüsse analysiert: der Einfluss der Hatch-Länge und das Abtrennen des Werkstücks von der Bauplatte. Begleitet wurden die Messungen der Eigenspannungen durch optische Mikroskopie und die taktile Vermessung der Oberfläche. Eine Korrelation zwischen den Eigenspannungen und der Hatch-Länge konnte beobachtet und erklärt werden.
In the present study, samples fabricated by varying the deposition hatch length during selective laser melting of nickel based superalloy Inconel 718 were investigated. Microstructure and texture of these samples was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, combined with electron back-scattered diffraction, and residual stress assessment, using neutron diffraction method. Textured columnar grains oriented along the sample building direction were observed in the shorter hatch length processed sample. A ten-fold increase in the hatch length reduced the texture intensity by a factor of two attributed to the formation of finer grains in the longer hatch length sample. Larger gradients of transverse residual stress in the longer hatch length sample were also observed. Along the build direction, compressive stresses in the shorter hatch length and negligible stresses for the longer hatch length specimen were observed. Changes to the temperature gradient (G) in response to the hatch length variation, influenced the G to growth rate (R) ratio and the product G × R, in agreement with the microstructures and textures formed. For the residual stress development, geometry of the part also played an important role. In summary, tailored isotropy could be induced in Inconel 718 by a careful selection of parameters during selective laser melting.
Die additive Fertigung (AM) mittels Selective Laser Melting (SLM) bietet großes Potential hinsichtlich der Herstellung geometrisch komplexer Bauteile im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Fertigungsverfahren. Die sich während des Prozesses einstellenden Eigenspannungen können jedoch die Anwendung von SLM-Teilen einschränken, da sie die Tragfähigkeit reduzieren können und unerwünschten Verzug in Abhängigkeit der in der Fertigung festgelegten Randbedingungen verursachen können.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Eigenspannungen in SLM-Teilen unter Anwendung komplementärer Messtechniken. Das verwendete Material ist die Nickelbasis-Superlegierung 718. Die Legierung wird aufgrund ihrer überlegenen Korrosions- und Hochtemperaturbeständigkeit in vielen Anwendungen der Luft- und Raumfahrt- und der chemischen Industrie eingesetzt. Die Untersuchungen umfassen die Charakterisierung der Mikrostruktur sowie der Eigenspannungen in der Oberfläche als auch im Inneren der Bauteile. Für die Eigenspannungsanalyse wurden Röntgen-, Synchrotron- und Neutronenbeugung angewendet. Die Messungen wurden an der BAM, an der EDDI-Beamline bei BESSY II und an der E3-Beamline bei BER II des Helmholtz-Zentrums für Materialien und Energie (HZB) Berlin durchgeführt.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen unterschiedliche Eigenspannungsverteilungen auf der Grundlage der verschiedenen Techniken, d. h. eine Abhängigkeit von der Eindringtiefe der jeweiligen Strahlung in die Probe. Für die oberflächennahen Eigenspannungen ergeben sich für die Längs- und Querspannungskomponenten sowohl für Röntgen- als auch für Synchrotronbeugung hohe Werte im Bereich der Fließgrenze. Darüber hinaus offenbarte die synchrotronbasierte Messung einen Gradienten entlang der Breite und Länge der Probe für beide Spannungskomponenten. Anderseits wurden geringere Eigenspannungen im Innern des Materials gefunden. Diese können richtungsabhängig auch im Druckbereich liegen.
Present trends to lightweight design lead to an expanding relevance of high-strength fine-grained structural steels especially in mobile crane constructions. With growing material strength, the challenge for welding fabrication increases, since high loading capacities and safety requirements have to be accomplished. The utilisation of the high strength potential often requires complex constructions associated with high restraint conditions while welding. Increased residual stresses may occur due to superimposing reaction and restraint stresses, which have to be quantified and evaluated to ensure the safety and integrity of high-strength steel constructions. Particularly, the scope of residual stresses has to be taken into account for different effects in the HAZ, notches, weld and base metal. Commonly, conservative assumptions of residual stresses lead to distinct underestimations of the load bearing capacity particularly for welded high-strength steel constructions. This study concludes results of recent works of the researchers regarding the complex interaction among heat control, material and restraint intensity on the residual stress state in welded components. These analyses are extended by further experiments. Based on the obtained major effects, an approach for a welding residual stress assessment regarding component design according to prevailing standards for crane construction, an important application for high-strength steels, is presented.
In situ EDXRD study of MAG-welding using LTT weld filler materials under structural restraint
(2017)
Welding using low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials is an innovative approach to mitigate detrimental welding residual stresses without cost-intensive post weldtreatments. Due to the local Generation of compressive residual stresses in the weld line by means of a delayed martensite transformation a significant enhancement of the cold cracking resistance of highly stressed welded components can be expected. For the effective usage of These materials a deeper understanding of the microstructural evolution inside the weld material is necessary to determine the complex processes that cause the residual stress formation during welding. Solid-state phase transformation kinetics and the evolution of strain in LTT weld filler materials are monitored in-situ at the instrument ID15A at the ESRF in Grenoble, France. The transferability to real components is implemented by using a realistic MAG welding process under consideration of structural restraint. During welding of multilayer joints, the phase Transformation and phase specific strain evolution of each individual layer is investigated in transmission geometry by means of energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction EDXRD using high energy synchrotron Radiation with a counting rate of 2.5 Hz. The measurement results of a 10% Cr / 10% Ni LTT weld filler are compared to data monitored for the conventional weld filler material G89. The in-situ data clearly indicate a strong effect on the local strain evolution and the formation of compressive strain. This results from the restraint volume expansion during the postponed austenite to martensite transformation of the LTT weld filler, which counteracts the thermal shrinkage. In contrast, for the conventional weld filler material the thermal contraction strains lead to tensile residual strain during welding. Furthermore, the results of in-situ observation during welding Show that the transformation kinetic is dependent on the welding sequence.
Höherfeste Feinkornbaustähle werden zunehmend in modernen Schweißkonstruktionen bspw. dem Mobilkranbau eingesetzt. Während der schweißtechnischen Verarbeitung sind für diese Stahlgüten aufgrund ihres speziellen Gefüges und relativ hohen Streckgrenzenverhältnisses engere Verfahrensgrenzen einzuhalten als bei Stählen mit niedrigerer Festigkeit. Zudem erfordert die Sicherheit höherfester Schweißverbindungen präzise Kenntnisse über die Höhe und Verteilung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen, da diese die erreichbare Tragfähigkeit und Bauteilperformance sowie den wirtschaftlichen Einsatz beeinflussen. Geltende Fertigungsrichtlinien für Schweißkonstruktionen wurden vorrangig für niedrigfeste Güten erarbeitet und vernachlässigen reale Steifigkeits- und Wärmeableitungsbedingungen.
In dieser Arbeit wird deshalb der Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf die Eigenspannungsausbildung und Gesamtbeanspruchung in Schweißverbindungen typischer Vertreter höherfester Feinkornbaustähle (z.B. S960QL) systematisch untersucht. Zur Berücksichtigung äußerer Bauteilsteifigkeiten wurden die Proben in Nahtquerrichtung unter definierten realitätsnahen Einspanngraden in speziellen dreidimensional wirkenden Prüfanlagen mehrlagig geschweißt. Dabei ließen sich die resultierenden Kräfte und Spannungen multiaxial in-situ analysieren und ein deutlicher Einfluss der Wärmeführung auf den Kräfte- und Momentenhaushalt aufzeigen. Mittels statistischer Auswertung wurden wesentliche Aussagen für adaptierte Wärmeführungs- und Schweißparameter zur Beanspruchungsoptimierung entwickelt. Die Bewertung der Effekte und Interaktionen der Einflussfaktoren nach Wirkungsart und -ort gestattete zudem, Ansätze zur Berücksichtigung schweißbedingter Beanspruchungen bei der Auslegung höherfester Schweißkonstruktionen zu erarbeiten.
Optimization of welding loads with narrow groove and application of modified spray arc process
(2017)
Current efforts for lightweight design result in a growing application of high-strength fine-grained structural steel in modern constructions, e.g. mobile cranes, with yield strength from 960 MPa. The design of welded structures and welding processes becomes more challenging with increasing material strength and elastic ratios. High residual stresses are able to diminish lifetime, load capacity and component safety and should be avoided. Recent analyses have shown strong influences of heat control and restraint of the weld due to arising reaction stresses, superimposing with local residual welding stresses. Modern inverter technologies allowed the development of numerous modified spray arc processes driven by power source manufacturers, which provide virtually similar features and several benefits, enabling welding of narrower seams with reduced weld volumes and total heat inputs. This research focuses on welding loads due to modified weld seams. The global reaction forces and moments and their superposition with local residual stresses in welded components due to external shrinkage restraints were investigated using a special testing facility and XRD. The restraint intensity, weld seam geometry and welding process were varied for statistical evaluations of resulting welding loads. When welding under restraint, a reduction of the weld seam volume causes significantly lower reaction stress levels.
Additive manufacturing (AM) by selective laser melting (SLM) offers ample scope for producing geometrically complex parts as compared to the traditional subtractive manufacturing strategies. However, the residual stresses which develop during the process can limit the application of SLM parts because they can reduce the load bearing capacity as well as induce unwanted distortion depending on the boundary conditions specified in manufacturing. This study aims at the characterization of residual stresses in SLM parts by using different measurement techniques. The material used is the nickel based super Alloy 718. Microstructure as well as surface and bulk residual stresses were characterised. For residual stress analysis X-ray, synchrotron and neutron diffraction were applied. The results show different residual stress states dependent on the penetration depth in the sample offered by the different measurement techniques. Samples of Alloy 718 manufactured by SLM process can show high tensile residual stresses in the surface as high as the yield strength of the wrought alloy. Residual stresses in the bulk show considerably lower stress values.
Residual stresses of welds become more and more important influencing cold cracking as well as the fatigue life of welded components. Low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials offer the opportunity to alter the residual stresses already during the welding process by means of ad- justed martensite phase transformation temperature (MS). In the current paper, welding residual stresses are studied putting the focus on MS while joining heavy steel sections with a thickness of 20 and 25 mm, respectively. The residual stress state was determined at the top surface using X-ray diffraction as well as in the bulk by neutron diffraction. The results com- pare the residual stresses present in a conventional weld and LTT welds when multi-pass welding of large-scale compo- nents was applied. Repeated phase transformation in the case of the LTT weld is more vital for the residual stresses present in the real-life-like joints. This accounts for the top surface in longitudinal direction but is most pronounced for the bulk of the welds. Detrimental tensile residual stresses are mainly re- duced in the bulk in comparison to a conventional filler wire even in multi-pass welds of thick steel sections.