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Organisationseinheit der BAM
The understanding of human behavior during evacuation processes is an important matter to improve the safety of infrastructures. In many countries, the implementation of performance based codes enables fire safety engineers to use computer based calculation tools to predict and evaluate pedestrian movement and human behavior in buildings. The models are based on experimentally obtained parameters and theoretical models. Pedestrian behavior can be influenced by the characteristics of the buildings (e.g. type of the building) as well as the characteristics of individuals and the pedestrian group.
This paper shows that the approach of Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) / Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) is imprecise with regard on heterogeneous pedestrian groups, because this concept completely neglected the variability’s in individual pre-movement and movement abilities.
Fires in homes are responsible for about 80 % of all fire fatalities in Germany. It has been known for some time that modern materials tend to burn differently from older materials and it has been acknowledged that the amount of combustible plastics in homes has increased significantly over the last decades. Complementary to the large scale tests performed before, a test series of four experiments in living rooms with adjacent rooms has been performed with the Frankfurt fire service and BAM, the German Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing. The influence of older and modern furniture and ventilation conditions on the fire and smoke development of fires in homes have been investigated as well as the differences in conditions for inhabitants who are in the room of fire origin or in the adjacent room were assessed, figure 1.In addition, buildings have changed significantly in recent years. The need for energy conservation has led to new applications as solar panels, batteries for storage of electrical power and a variation of insulation materials. The possible combustibility of all these applications only slowly comes into consideration. It has been known for some time that modern materials tend to burn differently from older materials and it has been acknowledged that the amount of combustible plastics in homes has increased significantly over the last decades. A test series of four experiments in living rooms with adjacent rooms has been performed with the Frankfurt fire service and BAM, the German Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, to investigate on hand the influence of older and modern furniture and ventilation conditions on the fire and smoke development of fires in homes and on the other hand the to assess the differences in conditions for inhabitants who are in the room of fire origin or in the adjacent room.
At the same time we face an ageing population that will be less mobile and might need more assistance than ever before. This influences directly the ability to escape and the time needed.
Although for the last decades we saw a decrease in the number of deaths from fires we should not assume that this trend must continue. On one hand, we might have benefited from safer electrical appliances, measures as smoke detectors and non-combustible stair cases and advanced medical treatment. On the other hand, nowadays we face the situation that buildings change significantly in shape, air tightness and used building materials. At the same time building contents change significantly as in increasing amount of consumer products stored at home and change of the materials of the consumer products and furniture. In addition, we face changes in our demography with an ageing population and an increasing inclusion of persons with disadvantages which influences the ability to escape directly. This set of changes is not reflected by a change in the building codes yet.
Editorial façade fire safety
(2018)
This Special Issue of Fire and Materials brings together a collection of papers that were presented at the 2016 Interflam conference in the Fire & Facades session along with recent submissions to the Fire and Materials Journal that are very relevant to the Fire and Facades subject. Having attended the Interflam conference, all Fire and Materials Journal editors who attended realised the importance of this topic. We felt it important that this session content would both be reviewed and made available to a wider audience and that it was timely that we featured this increasing important topic in our journal. Accordingly, authors of selected papers were invited to update and extend their papers for journal submission, and other appropriate peer review papers subsequently submitted to the Journal were included in the collection.
Brandverhalten von Bauprodukten: Brauchen wir Regelungen für die Menge und Giftigkeit der Rauchgase?
(2008)
Fire development in a real fire in a five storey dwelling Experimental and numerical investigations
(2010)
Fire smoke contains a variety of highly toxic substances and can lead to unconsciousness within a few minutes and to death for critical concentrations. Currently the engineer’s methods of fire safety include various procedures to calculate the fire propagation and smoke spread in buildings.
However, up to now the evaluation and calculation of smoke concerning its optical properties and toxic potential on the basis of a detailed combustion is still a field of research. Since smoke composition is highly variable and not fully characterised it has to be examined whether and how the Chemical composition and the optical properties of smoke are correlating. A method has been developed that establishes the relation between the smoke components and smoke toxicity.