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Eingeladener Vortrag
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Dielectric Study of Molecular Mobility in Poly(propylene-graft-maleic anhydride)/Clay Nanocomposites
(2005)
Polymer/clay nanocomposite materials based on poly(propylene-graft-maleic anhydride) (PPgMAH) and two different organophilic modified clays were investigated by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). In contrast to ungrafted polypropylene (PP), PPgMAH shows a dielectrically active relaxation process which can be assigned to localized fluctuations of the polar maleic anhydride groups. Its relaxation rate exhibits an unusual temperature dependence, which could be attributed to a redistribution of water molecules in the polymeric matrix. This is confirmed by a combination of Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric experiments (TGA) with real-time dielectric measurements under controlled atmospheres. In the nanocomposites this relaxation process is shifted to higher frequencies up to 3 orders of magnitude compared to the unfilled polymer. This indicates a significantly enhanced molecular mobility in the interfacial regions. In the nanocomposite materials a separate high-temperature process due to Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars (MWS) polarization was observed. The time constant of this MWS process can be correlated with characteristic length scales in nanocomposites and therefore provides additional information on dispersion and delamination/exfoliation of clay platelets in these materials. These properties also influence the diffusivity of the water molecules as revealed by real-time dielectric investigations.
Zusammenfassung
Die Anwendung des Ultraschallecho-Verfahrens zur Hohlstellenortung in Holzbalken wird beschrieben.
An Hand der Versuchsergebnisse wird der Einfluss der Anisotropie des Holzes auf die Messkopfanordnung und Schallgeschwindigkeit dargestellt. Mit der optimierten Messanordnung ist die erfolgreiche Detektierung von Nachbildungen von Minderdicken und Kernfäule möglich. Besonders klar sind Schäden in Faserrichtung (Kernfäulenachbildung) nachzuweisen. Die sehr guten Ergebnisse zeigen die Anwendbarkeit des Ultraschallecho-Verfahrens an Holz.