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Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel operated power plants, steel and cement mills or refineries. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the pipeline transport network especially concerning corrosion risks under impurities and moisture in the CO2 stream. Recent studies have shown that even high alloyed steels might be susceptible to general and/or localized corrosion caused by condensates. It was concluded from our study on carbon steels in normal and high pressure conditions, that the combination of these gas impurities, resulted in the acidic condensate, is not only a simple sum of each corrosive effect, but highly accelerates the corrosion rate of the pipeline steel, indicating the need of dynamic tests before installing the network pipeline system.
Synergistic effects of impurities in the condensate on the corrosion of CO2 transport pipeline
(2017)
For the reliability of transport pipelines the corrosion resistance of the materials used needs to be determined in conditions, which are possible during the transport process. In some situations condensation of components out of the CO2 stream can occur. To study the effect of condensate on transport pipeline steel, a “worst-case scenario” gas mixture, containing 2.5 % H2O, 1.8 % O2, 1000 ppmv NO2, and 220 ppmv SO2, was proposed, fed (1.5 L/min) into a glass reactor containing coupon-shaped specimens for 120 600 h at 278 K (to simulate the underground pipeline transport), and resulted in the condensate containing 0.114 M H2SO4 and 0.0184 M HNO3 (pH 2.13). Basing on this “original” condensate, exposure tests and electrochemical characterization together with pH and conductivity in CO2 saturated condition at the same temperature were carried out. The role of each gas impurity and the combination of them, when the condensate is formed, was studied by investigating the role of individual and varying combination of acidic components in the condensate on the corrosion behaviors of the commercial pipeline-steel (L360NB). It can be concluded that although the condensation of NOx in form of HNO3 causes faster corrosion rate, it is the condensation of SOx or the combination of SOx and NOx that may cause much more severe problems in form of localized and pitting corrosions. Different to the corrosion products formed in CO2 atmosphere without impurities (mainly iron carbonate) the corrosion products resulted from these acidic condensation have no protectability, indicating the need of controlling gas quality during the transportation within the pipeline network.
Korrosion von Stählen in flüssigen und überkritischen CO2–Strömen unter realitätsnahen Bedingungen
(2017)
CCUS-Technologie gilt als eine vielversprechende Methode zur Abschwächung des Beitrags von fossilen Emissionen zur globalen Erwärmung. Dabei wird das in den Verbrennungsprozessen entstandene Treibhausgas aufgefangen, zu verschiedenen Lagerstätten transportiert und langzeitig gespeichert bzw. einer chemischen Nutzung zugeführt.
CO2-Transport-Pipelines sind potentiell gefährdet, wenn sie korrosiven Begleitstoffen des CO2-Stroms, wie SOx, NOx bei einem hohen Wasserdampfanteil ausgesetzt sind. Screening-Tests zeigten, dass bei einer Konzentration von 1000 ppmv H2O die Reaktionen und Kondensation von SO2 und NO2 mit O2 und H2O zu Säuretropfen (pH ~ 0,5) auf der Oberfläche von Metall-Prüfkörpern und Gefäßen führen. Die Werkstoffe 1.4313 1.8977 und 1.4562 wurden in CO2-Atmosphäre mit unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen der säurebildenden Komponenten SO2, NO2, H2S mit H2O untersucht. Diese Studien zeigten grundsätzlich den Mechanismus sowie die Rolle jedes CO2-Strom-Begleitstoffes auf den Korrosionsprozess.
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions, e.g. from fossil-fuel operated power plants or cement mills. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the pipeline transport network. Due to the absence of certified benchmarks for upper limits, systematic experiments with impurities in the CO2 stream were carried out. For oxidation processes SO2 and NO2 acted as corrosive components, and for reductive atmosphere H2S. Carbon steel L485MB (pipeline), martensitic steel 1.4313 (compression) and austenitic steel 1.4562 (injection) were selected as specimens. Experiments were performed at 0 bar or 100 bar and within a temperature range 278 K ≤ T ≤ 313 K. High-alloyed Cr-Ni steels revealed no corrosion (1.4562, 1.4313), while for carbon steel considerable corrosion was observed. The type and intensity of corrosion was strongly coupled with the applied corrosive species and the level of humidity in the CO2 stream, leading to different compositions of acidic condensates. Applying a reducing atmosphere results in very little corrosion rates, but provokes pitting corrosion. In contrast, oxidizing or mixed settings lead to a clearly increased growth of the corrosion layer, but exhibit shallow uniform corrosion. Exceptional nitric acid results in intergranular corrosion. Investigations on the specimens were carried out by optical microscopy, XRD, SEM/EDX, and AAS/IC.
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a promising technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions, e.g. from fossil-fuel operated power plants or cement mills. Crucial points for a sustainable and future-proof CCUS procedure are reliability and cost efficiency of the pipeline transport network. Due to the absence of certified benchmarks for upper limits, systematic experiments with impurities in the CO2 stream were carried out. For oxidation processes SO2 and NO2 acted as corrosive components, and for reductive atmosphere H2S. Carbon steel L485MB (pipeline), martensitic steel 1.4313 (compression) and austenitic steel 1.4562 (injection) were selected as specimens. Experiments were performed at 1 bar or 100 bar and within a temperature range 278 K ≤ T ≤ 313 K. High-alloyed Cr-Ni steels revealed no corrosion (1.4562, 1.4313), while for carbon steel considerable corrosion was observed. The type and intensity of corrosion was strongly coupled with the applied corrosive species and the level of humidity in the CO2 stream, leading to different compositions of acidic condensates. Applying a reducing atmosphere results in very little corrosion rates, but provokes pitting corrosion. In contrast, oxidizing or mixed settings lead to a clearly increased growth of the corrosion layer, but exhibit shallow uniform corrosion. Exceptional nitric acid results in intergranular corrosion.