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Thin film chalcogenide photovoltaic technologies (CIGS, CdTe) make use of critical and toxic materials. Therefore a sound recycling of production waste and of end-of-life PV modules is essential to increase the availability of critical materials and to decrease the environmental impact of the products. Several processes to recover metals and semiconductors from thin-film PV modules have been developed, with some being operated at pilot scale. This paper presents an overview of proven recycling concepts. The approaches were divided into three steps: 'delamination of the modules', 'decoating of the substrate' and 'extraction and refining of the metals and semiconductors' to illustrate possible recycling paths. For each step feasible mechanical or chemical processes are presented and their advantages and drawbacks are described. The results show that recycling technologies for chalcogenide photovoltaic modules are sufficiently explored and commercially available. However, the responsibility to set up efficient collection and recycling systems is in the hands of the PV producers and must be supported by appropriate policies.
Experimental results are reported for the solubility of carbon dioxide in liquid mixtures of water and the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate ([bmim][CH3SO4]). Three (gas-free) solvent compositions were considered with mass fractions of [bmim][CH3SO4] of w' ≈ 0.15, 0.50, and 0.87 (mole fractions x' ≈ 0.013, 0.066, and 0.33). In the isothermal experimental series, the temperature was about (293, 333, and 373) K. The total pressure ranged up to about 10 MPa. The molality of carbon dioxide in the solvent mixture of (water + [bmim][CH3SO4]) (the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the liquid) ranged up to approximately 1.64 mol·kg1 (about 0.0332). The experimental results are used to determine Henry's constant of carbon dioxide in the liquid mixtures of (water + [bmim][CH3SO4]) as well as the partial molar volume of that gas at infinite dilution in those solvent mixtures. The phase equilibrium is described by applying an extension (to solvent mixtures) of Pitzer's molality scale-based equation for the Gibbs excess energy.