Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (29)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (5)
- Handbuch (4)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (2)
- Monografie (1)
- Sonstiges (1)
Schlagworte
- Nanomaterial (5)
- Nanoparticles (5)
- NanoDefine (4)
- Nanomaterial classification (4)
- Plasma polymerization (4)
- Particle size distribution (3)
- Polystyrene (3)
- Brominated carbon nanotubes (2)
- Decision support (2)
- Dielectric properties (2)
- Microporous materials (2)
- N,O ligands (2)
- NEXAFS (2)
- Plasma-chemical technique (2)
- Regulation (2)
- Surface and bulk characterization (2)
- Surface functionalization (2)
- Thermal stability (2)
- Thin films (2)
- Acrylic acid-styrene copolymer (1)
- Acrylic acidstyrene copolymer (1)
- Adhesion (1)
- Adhesion-promoting layers (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Advanced Oxidation (1)
- Aeroacoustics (1)
- Aggregation (1)
- Allyl alcohol (1)
- Aluminium (1)
- Amine derivatives (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Anti-oxidative behaviour (1)
- Anti-oxidative efficiency (1)
- Barriereentladung (1)
- Bioabbaubare Polyester (1)
- Biochar (1)
- Biodegradable polyesters (1)
- Bulk properties (1)
- Carbon nanostructure (1)
- Catalytic activity (1)
- Classification (1)
- Composite (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Copolymerisation (1)
- Corona (1)
- Corrosion resistance (1)
- Coupling of analytical methods (1)
- Definition (1)
- Definition of nanomaterial (1)
- Degradation (1)
- Dichlorethane (1)
- Dielectric barrier discharge (1)
- Donoracceptor compound (1)
- Dynamic mobility (1)
- EC nanomaterial definition (1)
- Electrolyte membrane (1)
- Electrospray deposition (1)
- Elektrospray Ionization (1)
- Entropy Noise (1)
- Entropy noise (1)
- Entropy-Nozzle Interaction (1)
- Expert system (1)
- FAIRification (1)
- FTIR (1)
- Film morphology (1)
- Flame retardancy (1)
- Flüssigchromatographie (1)
- Framework (1)
- Fuell cells (1)
- Gas sorption (1)
- Gold surface (1)
- Haftvermittler (1)
- Hexamethyldisiloxane plasma polymer (1)
- Identification (1)
- Indirect Combustion Noise (1)
- Indirect combustion noise (1)
- Inhibition rate constant (1)
- Ink (1)
- Interlaboratory comparison (1)
- Liquid chromatography (1)
- MALDI-TOF-MS (1)
- Magnetic (1)
- Manganese naphthenate (1)
- Material analysis (1)
- Materialanalyse (1)
- Metal-organic framework (1)
- Metal-organic frameworks (1)
- Methodenkopplung (1)
- Mild steel (1)
- Model cumene oxidation (1)
- Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (1)
- NMR (1)
- Nanomaterial categorisation (1)
- Nanomaterial definition (1)
- Nanomaterial legislation (1)
- Nanomaterial regulation (1)
- Nanomaterials (1)
- Nanoparticle size distribution (1)
- Nanotubes (1)
- Oberflächen behandeln (1)
- Oberflächenanalyse (1)
- Oil diesel fraction (1)
- Oil hydrocarbons liquid-phase oxidation (1)
- Oxidation (1)
- Oxidation catalysts (1)
- Oxidation rate (1)
- Paper (1)
- Papier (1)
- Particle size (1)
- Photoelectron spectroscopy (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasma copolymerisation (1)
- Plasma emitted radiation (1)
- Plasma polymers (1)
- Plasma treatment (1)
- Plasma treatments (1)
- Plasmapolymerisation (1)
- Polyethylene (1)
- Polyethylene composites (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer aerosols (1)
- Polymer surface modification (1)
- Polymeroberfläche (1)
- Polyvinylchloride (1)
- Radical scavenger (1)
- Raman spectroscopy (1)
- Rate of model oxidation (1)
- Ring test (1)
- Röntgenadsorptionsspektroskopie (1)
- Röntgenstrukturanalyse (1)
- SOP (1)
- Schälfestigkeit (1)
- Segregated network (1)
- Silver nanoparticles (1)
- Single-walled carbon nanotubes (1)
- Sintering (1)
- Softener (1)
- Solvothermal synthesis (1)
- Standard Operation Procedures (1)
- Standardization (1)
- Surface modification (1)
- Swirl (1)
- Synthesis (1)
- Synthetic petroleum acids (1)
- Tetraethyl orthosilicate (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thin film properties (1)
- Thiocarbonyl group (1)
- Tinte (1)
- Tools (1)
- Turfan Manuskripte (1)
- Turfan manuscripts (1)
- Vorticity noise (1)
- XRD (1)
- Zinc (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
Towards the standardization of biochar analysis: the COST action TD1107 interlaboratory comparison
(2016)
Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical–chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future.
We report on a new series of isoreticular frameworks based on zinc and 2-substituted imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate (IFP-1–4, IFP=imidazolate framework Potsdam) that form one-dimensional, microporous hexagonal channels. Varying R in the 2-substitued linker (R=Me (IFP-1), Cl (IFP-2), Br (IFP-3), Et (IFP-4)) allowed the channel diameter (4.0–1.7 Å), the polarisability and functionality of the channel walls to be tuned. Frameworks IFP-2, IFP-3 and IFP-4 are isostructural to previously reported IFP-1. The structures of IFP-2 and IFP-3 were solved by X-ray crystallographic analyses. The structure of IFP-4 was determined by a combination of PXRD and structure modelling and was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and 1H MAS and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. All IFPs showed high thermal stability (345–400°C); IFP-1 and IFP-4 were stable in boiling water for 7 d. A detailed porosity analysis was performed on the basis of adsorption measurements by using various gases. The potential of the materials to undergo specific interactions with CO2 was investigated by measuring the isosteric heats of adsorption. The capacity to adsorb CH4 (at 298 K), CO2 (at 298 K) and H2 (at 77 K) at high pressure were also investigated. In situ IR spectroscopy showed that CO2 is physisorbed on IFP-1–4 under dry conditions and that both CO2 and H2O are physisorbed on IFP-1 under moist conditions.
Decolorization of Acid Orange 142 (AO142) as important water pollutant was observed on the exposure of the dye solutions to an atmospheric non-thermal gas plasma. Aresponse Surface methodology (RSM) combined with a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to optimize the main factors (variables) affecting the degradation efficiency (response) of AO142, such as the applied voltage, the gap distance between the high voltage electrode and the surface of the solution. The regression analysis showed that a first-order polynomial model well fits the experimental data with a coefficient of determination R2=0.96. FT-IR, UV-vis,TOCand GC-MS measurements were used to investigate the decolorization of the dye on exposure to the plasma discharges. A possible Degradation pathway was postulated. Additionally, the conductivity and pH changes during the treatment were also evaluated. The plasma treatment combined with Fe2+ (plasma Fenton reaction) exhibited a higher degradation efficiency, higher energy yield connected with lower energy consumption in comparison to the plasma treatment without Fe2+ addition.
The work explores the synthesis and the properties of a novel composite membrane System based on modified polystyrene (PS) grafted onto a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane.
PVC membranes were prepared by solution-casting followed by exposure to an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with O2 to obtain an activated Surface for grafting PS to it. Moreover, the thus prepared membranes were chemically modified furthermore by amination with polyethyleneimine or sulfonation with 4 M sulfuric acid.
The membrane surface characteristics such as wettability, structure and morphology were investigated using water contact angle measurements, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy experiments. The thermogravimetric stability and electrolytic responses of the membranes were studied utilizing TGA, ion exchange capacity (IEC), and solvent uptake. A significant result of plasma and chemical modification was to produce a membrane material with low permeability. Thus, the methanol permeability of the sulfonated membranes measured for 12 h was measured to 2.34$108 cm2 s1 compared to 177.00$108 cm2 s1 of Nafion 117®which is considered as a benchmark. This result indicates that the prepared sulfonated samples are an innovative and effective material for decreasing the methanol crossover in fuel cells to a great extent. This makes the PVC-g-St membranes are promising and attractive as new materials for polyelectrolyte membrane for fuel cells.
The new recommended definition of a nanomaterial, 2022/C 229/01, adopted by the European Commission in 2022, will have a considerable impact on European Union legislation addressing chemicals, and therefore tools to implement this new definition are urgently needed. The updated NanoDefiner framework and its e-tool implementation presented here are such instruments, which help stakeholders to find out in a straightforward way whether a material is a nanomaterial or not. They are two major outcomes of the NanoDefine project, which is explicitly referred to in the new definition. This work revisits the framework and e-tool, and elaborates necessary adjustments to make these outcomes applicable for the updated recommendation. A broad set of case studies on representative materials confirms the validity of these adjustments. To further foster the sustainability and applicability of the framework and e-tool, measures for the FAIRification of expert knowledge within the e-tool’s knowledge base are elaborated as well. The updated framework and e-tool are now ready to be used in line with the updated recommendation. The presented approach may serve as an example for reviewing existing guidance and tools developed for the previous definition 2011/696/EU, particularly those adopting NanoDefine project outcomes.
Identifying nanomaterials (NMs) according to European Union Legislation is challenging, as there is an enormous variety of materials, with different physico-chemical properties. The NanoDefiner Framework and its Decision Support Flow Scheme (DSFS) allow choosing the optimal method to measure the particle size distribution by matching the material properties and the performance of the particular measurement techniques. The DSFS leads to a reliable and economic decision whether a material is an NM or not based on scientific criteria and respecting regulatory requirements. The DSFS starts beyond regulatory requirements by identifying non-NMs by a proxy Approach based on their volume-specific surface area. In a second step, it identifies NMs. The DSFS is tested on real-world materials and is implemented in an e-tool. The DSFS is compared with a decision flowchart of the European Commission’s (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC), which rigorously follows the explicit criteria of the EC NM definition with the focus on identifying NMs, and non-NMs are identified by exclusion. The two approaches build on the same scientific basis and measurement methods, but start from opposite ends: the JRC Flowchart starts by identifying NMs, whereas the NanoDefiner Framework first identifies non-NMs.
This document is a collection of three JRC Technical Reports that together form the “NanoDefine Methods Manual”, which has been developed within the NanoDefine project ‘Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial’, funded by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. The overall goal of the NanoDefine project was to support the implementation of the European Commission Recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU). The project has developed an integrated empirical approach, which allows identifying a material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC Recommendation. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of three parts: Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools, which covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria, and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2: Evaluation of Methods, which discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. In this combined document, these three parts are included as stand-alone reports, each having its own abstract, table of contents, page, table and figure numbering, and references.