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Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (43)
This report is a literature review of the current state of knowledge of fireworks
and fireworks hazards. It presents work to meet Deliverables D4-1 (types and compositions
of fireworks Articles), D4-2 (Functioning mechanism of and between fireworks
articles), D4-3 (Storage and transport regulations in EU countries) and D4-4 (The effect
of fireworks on health and the environment) of the CHAF work program.
Firework compositions are discussed in the first section. This leads to an understanding
of the variability in performance of various types of fireworks. Compositions
used in report effects are highlighted as being the most energetic while other compositions
are seen as providing a much lesser hazard in mass storage of fireworks. Individual
types of firework are examined. Large devices such as report shells are identified as
posing the largest hazard in bulk storage. Lesser, but still significant, hazards are predicted
for similar compositions in Roman candles and rockets. Gradations in hazard are
identified corresponding to UN hazard divisions 1.1, 1.3 and 1.4.
The second section reports the literature relating to the functioning mechanism of
and between fireworks articles. In this the major propagation mechanisms for fireworks
compositions are examined. The main stimuli identified are: fragment impact, heat and
shock wave, each of which can lead to the functioning of pyrotechnic composition in
the article or in an adjacent article leading to large-scale initiation. Consideration of the
pyrotechnic compositions leads to a different ranking for the three mechanisms with different
fireworks types. Thus with a report composition containing a metal/perchlorate
mixture shock initiation is seen to be the main propagation mechanism. Such a mechanism
is likely to afford a mass explosion. At a lesser hazard, blackpowder-based compositions
are reported to be more likely to propagate via a flame mechanism. This is less
likely to produce a mass explosion.
National legislation concerning the storage of fireworks for many European countries
is considered in the third section. Many of the national regulations are based on a
cube root of explosives content to determine "safety distances", often written as Q1/3.
Different multiplying factors are then applied depending on the type of adjacent site
(production buildings, residential housing, roads etc.). Commonly 22Q1/3 is used for residential
dwellings. Special provisions are enacted in many countries either to allow
lesser distances or in some cases to increase the safety distances depending on the
perceived hazard or extenuating circumstances.
The final section deals with the environmental hazards posed by the use of
fireworks. Toxic effects of the materials used in the manufacture and the likely reaction
products from functioning fireworks are highlighted. These range from heavy metal
poisoning from metals present for their colour effect to respiratory problems due to
pyrotechnic fume (both particulate and gaseous). Finally, noise pollution is considered.
While there is a short term problem from pyrotechnic fume at times of high usage
(national celebrations) there is no literature evidence, as yet, of long term detriment to
the environment.
This is the first part (Deliverable 6-1) of workpackage 6 (WP6) in the framework of a research project funded by the European Community on the "Quantification and control of the hazards associated with the transport and bulk storage of fireworks" which was given the acronym CHAF. The work in this package aims to characterize selected packaged fireworks in standard UN classification tests by measuring the physical conditions (temperature, pressure, radiation, etc.), acting during testing and to use the results to provide benchmark data for the rest of the CHAF project. The objective of Deliverable 6-1 was to identify the types of fireworks that should be used for the benchmarking tests. This was achieved by developing the information generated in the literature review for the project (WP4). A critical element of the work was to attempt to identify fireworks close to the boundaries between different UN Hazard Divisions so that the accuracy of the UN classification assignments, as applied to fireworks, could be tested. This document outlines the types of fireworks selected for benchmark testing and the rationale behind the selection. Having identified the fireworks required a way forward to identify suitable suppliers is given.
Zweierlei Recht
(2013)
Über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren wurde im Rahmen eines europäischen Forschungsprojekts das Verhalten von Feuerwerkskörpern unter unterschiedlichsten Bedingungen untersucht, um damit die Vorgänge bei der Explosion eines Feuerwerkslagers besser bewerten und einschätzen zu können. Schwere Unfälle in Lagern von Feuerwerk, wie z. B. im Jahre 2000 im niederländischen Enschede, ließen die Frage aufkommen, ob die mit verhältnismäßig kleinen Mengen ermittelten Gefahrgutklassifizierungen auch noch im Containermaßstab Gültigkeit besitzen und ob das Verhalten korrekt vorhergesagt wird. Diese Frage war nicht zuletzt nur durch Versuche im Vollmaßstab zu beantworten, die eine zentrale Rolle in diesem Projekt spielten. Darüber hinaus richtete sich ein Teil der Arbeit darauf, im Falle abweichender Ergebnisse zwischen regulären Gefahrgutprüfungen und realistischen Versuchen im Vollmaßstab die Zusammenhänge aufzudecken und eine andere oder modifizierte Prüfmethodik vorzuschlagen, die korrekte Aussagen für sehr große Mengen Feuerwerk liefert. Zu diesem Aspekt wurden interessante Ergebnisse mit einer Druckkammer gewonnen, wobei diese Arbeiten noch fortzusetzen sind.
Neues aus der Pyrotechnik
(2006)
Explosives Nachspiel
(2006)
Die "Empfehlungen für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter, Handbuch über Prüfungen und Kriterien" ergänzen die "Empfehlungen für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter, Modellvorschriften" und das "Global harmonisierte System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien (GHS)". Sie enthalten Kriterien, Prüfmethoden und –verfahren, die angewendet werden sowohl für die Einstufung gefährlicher Güter nach den Vorschriften der Teile 2 und 3 der Modellvorschriften als auch für Chemikalien, von denen nach dem GHS physikalische Gefahren ausgehen.
The Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) in Germany is one of 13 Notified Bodies (NB) for Explosives operating under European Directive 93/15/EEC. The NBs perform the EC-type examimtions for all sorts of explosives (cartridged explosives, detonators, aso.) following the test instructions from European harmonised Standards. Through applying the Standards the essential safety requirements set out in Directive 93/15 are checked. When a positive result is achieved during type testing, a high level of safety during transport, storage, and use can be assumed.
Even though the tests are described in the Standards with high detail, there may still occur differences in testing between different test houses. Whether such differences lead to still agreeing, or perhaps to disagreeing results in type testing, can only be determined by so called Round-Robin tests (RRT). These are «inter-laboratory» comparisons and constitute an essential pari of proficiency testing for each NB, respectively test laboratory. BAM as a Notified Body will be shortly introduced, and the presentation will then concentrate on recent RRT done with explosives. Results, difficulties, and conclusions will be presented.
Die "Empfehlungen für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter, Handbuch über Prüfungen und Kriterien" ergänzen die "Empfehlungen für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter, Modellvorschriften" und das "Global harmonisierte System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien (GHS)". Sie enthalten Kriterien, Prüfmethoden und –verfahren, die angewendet werden sowohl für die Einstufung gefährlicher Güter nach den Vorschriften der Teile 2 und 3 der Modellvorschriften als auch für Chemikalien, von denen nach dem GHS physikalische Gefahren ausgehen.
The aim of this study is to quantify how much a real Fallhammer deviates from the idealised functioning, and what the differences between different Fallhammers in different laboratories are. Such a comparison has never been done and data have not been collected in a consistent way. Further it is the aim to develop guidance on the mechanical properties of the Fallhammer, which can be used for internal quality control, validation of the correct functioning of the Fallhammer, and preparation of Round-Robin tests. An established and verified mechanical status of a Fallhammer would greatly improve the quality and comparability of results and Round-Robin tests on the impact sensitivity of explosives.
Acilliary equipment used in the explosives sector is commonly not regulated by national or European law. Nonetheless various hazards are associated with electricity and radiation used by the equipment. Safety has to be guaranteed by a risk analysis and consequential handling provisions. The German approach is outlined.
Validierung von BAM-Fallhammer und BAM-Reibapparat - Herausforderung für die Qualitätssicherung
(2016)
Die Validierung des BAM-Fallhammers ist nicht nur eine Frage der dokumentierten Wartung und der Rückführbarkeit relevanter Größen sondern auch eine Frage der Verifizierung der mechanischen Funktion. Dabei gibt es zum Teil derart große Abweichungen zwischen Geräten und von berechneten Werten, dass Ergebnisse zur Schlagempfindlichkeit von Explosivstoffen nur in Verbindung mit der verifzierten Funktion und verifizierten Werten zum Energieübertrag auf den zu prüfenden Stoff nutzbar sind.
More than 5 million non-electric detonators are used annually in Germany for blasting operations. The relative usage of non-electric detonators amounts to about 50% of all civil blasting operations in Germany. BAM, as the notified body for explosives in Germany, tests non-electric detonators for the purpose of EU-type approval under the civil explosives directive, but also in the context of general investigations, e.g. when misfiring occurs. BAM has all facilities to test these detonators according to the European standard EN 13763. The presentation will cover the test facilities of BAM and address some issues of delay time accuracy. Several advantages and disadvantages of the non-electric ignition system will be discussed in the context of case investigations, and conclusions for mining operations and the advoidance of misfiring will be drawn.