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Smart geosynthetics with embedded optical fibers as distributed sensors provide solutions both for applications in geotechnical engineering and for cost-effective monitoring of critical infrastructures. The incorporation of glass or polymer optical fibers (GOFs or POFs) in geotextiles and geogrids allows early detection of mechanical deformations, temperature and humidity. This paper presents selected examples of smart geosynthetics based on Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering effects in incorporated fiber optic sensors for monitoring of large geotechnical structures like dikes, dams, railways, embankments or slopes. The focus of the presented work is on real field tests of measurement capability with respect to the chosen measurement principle and used fiber type.
For the purpose of increasing payload and reduce freight cost, lightweight composite tank containers used for Transportation have been progressively developed during the last years. Compared to conventionally produced cylindrical steel tanks, the fiber-reinforced solutions allow greater flexibility in the tank design. Despite a number of further material-related benefits of fiber-reinforced composites as non-conductive and non-magnetic behavior as well as corrosion resistance and high strength, the optimization of their thermal degradation properties during combustion is still a challenge. To improve the fire performance of lightweight composite containers, special intumescent fire protection coatings can be applied onto the outside tank surface. This paper presents fire tests on glass-fiber-reinforced plastic transport tanks with complex geometries sheltered with different surface-applied fire protection systems. To evaluate the fire resistance of the tank structures, a fiber optic monitoring system was developed. This system is based on distributed temperature measurements using high-Resolution optical backscatter reflectometry and pointwise reference measurements using fiber Bragg gratings. Thereby, all the fiber optic sensors were directly integrated in the composite layer structure of the tanks. The focus of the presented work is on the demonstration of capability of fiber optic monitoring system in such high-temperature application. Moreover, the fiber optic measurements provide new insights into the efficiency of intumescent coating applied for fire protection of fiber-reinforced plastic transport tanks.
In the present study, the impact of static traffic loading on the slight deflection effects in the concrete structure of an existing bridge has been investigated using distributed fiber optic sensors. In the face of increasing traffic density and severe traffic loading, the results of the load tests on the Amsterdam bridge 705 make an important contribution to the understanding of its structural behavior. The concept of the static loading was based on the use of two 36-ton trucks stopped on the bridge at multiple pre-determined locations. The load applied in this way led to location-dependent small deflection effects recorded as longitudinal strain of the sensing fiber embedded at the underside of the bridge. The measurements were performed with a commercially-available solution based on Tunable Wavelength Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry with the measurement accuracy in the range of 0.5 µm/m.
In the present study, the impact of static traffic loading on the slight deflection effects in the concrete structure of an existing bridge has been investigated using distributed fiber optic sensors. In the face of increasing traffic density and severe traffic loading, the results of the load tests on the Amsterdam bridge 705 make an important contribution to the understanding of its structural behavior. The concept of the static loading was based on the use of two 36-ton trucks stopped on the bridge at multiple pre-determined locations. The load applied in this way led to location-dependent small deflection effects recorded as longitudinal strain of the sensing fiber embedded at the underside of the bridge. The measurements were performed with a commercially-available solution based on Tunable Wavelength Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry with the measurement accuracy in the range of 0.5 µm/m.
Auf der Grundlage der in DIN EN 61757-2-2:2017 beschriebenen Standardisierungsmethoden wurden in dieser Arbeit wichtige Leistungsparameter von vier kommerziellen Messsystemen zur ortsaufgelösten faseroptischen Erfassung der temperatur- und dehnungsabhängigen Brillouin-Frequenzverschiebung untersucht. Gemäß der oben genannten Norm konzentrierte sich hier die Ermittlungsprüfung auf messtechnische Aspekte reiner Temperaturmessungen. Dabei diente die Ermittlung von einem festgelegten Satz dreier Betriebsverhaltenskenngrößen in Form von quantitativen Angaben des Messfehlers, der Wiederholgenauigkeit sowie der räumlichen Unsicherheit einem Vergleich der getesteten Messsysteme.
Alle faseroptischen Messungen wurden mit einer Faserschleife ausgeführt, d. h. als Sensorkonfiguration der Messfaser wurde eine Schleifenanordnung gewählt. Die Messverfahren der getesteten Messysteme basierten somit auf der Brillouin-optischen Zeit- bzw. Frequenzbereichsanalyse. Die Betriebsverhaltenskenngrößen wurden ferner bei unterschiedlichen Werten zweier messtechnischer Parameter, des Frequenzschrittes und der Mittelungsrate, für Standardeinstellungen der Laserleistungswerte der in die Sensorfaser einzukoppelnden Laserlichtsignale ermittelt. Auf diesem Weg lassen sich relevante Aussagen zur Optimierung der Messgenauigkeiten in Bezug auf Messdauer treffen.
Auf der Grundlage der in DIN EN 61757-2-2:2017 beschriebenen Standardisierungsmethoden wurden in dieser Arbeit wichtige Leistungsparameter von vier kommerziellen Messsystemen zur ortsaufgelösten faseroptischen Erfassung der temperatur- und dehnungsabhängigen Brillouin-Frequenzverschiebung untersucht. Gemäß der oben genannten Norm konzentrierte sich hier die Ermittlungsprüfung auf messtechnische Aspekte reiner Temperaturmessungen. Dabei diente die Ermittlung von einem festgelegten Satz dreier Betriebsverhaltenskenngrößen in Form von quantitativen Angaben des Messfehlers, der Wiederholgenauigkeit sowie der räumlichen Unsicherheit einem Vergleich der getesteten Messsysteme.
Alle faseroptischen Messungen wurden mit einer Faserschleife ausgeführt, d. h. als Sensorkonfiguration der Messfaser wurde eine Schleifenanordnung gewählt. Die Messverfahren der getesteten Messysteme basierten somit auf der Brillouin-optischen Zeit- bzw. Frequenzbereichsanalyse. Die Betriebsverhaltenskenngrößen wurden ferner bei unterschiedlichen Werten zweier messtechnischer Parameter, des Frequenzschrittes und der Mittelungsrate, für Standardeinstellungen der Laserleistungswerte der in die Sensorfaser einzukoppelnden Laserlichtsignale ermittelt. Auf diesem Weg lassen sich relevante Aussagen zur Optimierung der Messgenauigkeiten in Bezug auf Messdauer treffen.
We present our research on the development of a Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA) using a perfluorinated graded-index polymer optical fiber (PFGI-POF) as a sensing fiber. The described works include investigations both on the selection of the setup components with respect to mode coupling effects and on the impact of the humidity cross-sensitivity. The suitability of the developed POF-based BOFDA is proved by a distributed measurement on an 86 m long PFGI-POF recorded with the spatial resolution of 6 m.
We present our research on the development of a Brillouin optical frequency-domain analysis (BOFDA) using a perfluorinated graded-index polymer optical fiber (PFGI-POF) as a sensing fiber. The described works include investigations both on the selection of the setup components with respect to mode coupling effects and on the impact of the humidity cross-sensitivity. The suitability of the developed POF-based BOFDA is proved by a distributed measurement on an 86 m long PFGI-POF recorded with the spatial resolution of 6 m.
We compare four different sensing solutions suitable for distributed fiber optic humidity sensing in per uorinated graded-index polymer optical fibers (PFGI-POFs). Compared to silica fbers, polymer optical fibers over advantageous beneffits including signifficantly higher break down strain, fracture toughness and humidity sensitivity. Various humidity-related effects in PFGI-POFs have been reported in the last years including measured attenuation and length changes as well as Brillouin frequency and Bragg wavelength shifts. The four aforementioned methods could serve as a basis for distributed and quasi-distributed humidity sensing and are described here closely with an emphasis on plausible cross effects to temperature and strain. The main focus of this paper lies on the comparison of four approaches with regard to method complexity, sensitivity to humidity, spatial resolution, real-time capability and effort to compensate for cross effects.