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Eingeladener Vortrag
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For patients under Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) spontaneous respiration is constantly at risk of being impaired by anesthetic drugs or by upper airway obstruction. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the breathing activity is needed to assess adequate ventilation or to detect specific obstruction patterns. The paper describes three MRI compatible respiration sensors based on pure optical technologies developed within the EU FP6 project OFSETH. The sensors are based on fiber Bragg gratings, optical time-domain reflectometry and macrobending effects. The developed smart medical textiles can sense elongation up to 3% while maintaining the stretching properties of the textile substrates for patient's comfort. The OFSETH harness allows a continuous measurement of abdominal and thoracic respiration movement while all vitals organs are free for medical staff actions. The sensors were tested in MRI environment and on healthy adults.
This paper reports on a fiber optic sensor for heart rate measurements. The sensor will be integrated into personal protective equipment within the framework of the FP7 EU project i-Protect. Two different sensor prototypes were developed. One is based on fiber Bragg gratings in silica fiber and the other one is based on macrobending effects in polymer optical fiber.
We investigated to our knowledge for the first time the capabilities of long period gratings (LPG) in single-mode microstructured polymer optical fibre (mPOF) as real-time gamma dosimeter. The fibre is made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with a polycarbonate jacket. We measured the radiation-induced wavelength shift of the mPOF LPG loss feature wavelength and the radiation-induced attenuation of a mPOF for
different wavelength between 600 nm and 800 nm for gamma radiation with an energy distribution between 6 keV and 18 keV.
This paper reports on a fibre optic sensor for heart rate measurement which is developed within the framework of the FP7 EU project i-Protect. Goal is integration of the sensor into personal protective equipment Two different sensor prototypes based on polymer optical fibre (POF) were developed. One is based on long period gratings in microstrutured POF and the other one is based on macrobending effects in POF.
We investigated the capabilities of long period gratings (LPG) in single-mode microstructured polymer optical fibre (mPOF) for humidity sensing. For that mPOF LPGs were exposed to different humidity levels
at a constant temperature of 30°C in a climate chamber. During the long term tests, which took up several weeks, the humidity was changed in several steps while mPOF LPG wavelength and fibre attenuation were measured.
We also measured the water uptake of mPOF in environment with different relative humidity.
We investigate two real-time strain sensing principles based on the optical time-domain reflectometry
(OTDR) in polymer optical fibres (POF). The first sensing principle uses the increase of the level of backscattered light
in a stretched POF. The second sensing principle uses the effect of losses due to bending.
The potential impact of optical fiber sensors embedded into medical textiles for the monitoring of respiratory movements in a magnetic resonance imaging environment is presented. We report on three different designs, all textile based: a macrobending sensor, a Bragg grating sensor, and a time reflectometry sensor. In all three cases, the sensing principle is based on the measure of the elongation of the abdominal circumference during breathing movements. We demonstrate that the three sensors can successfully sense textile elongations between 0% and 3%, while maintaining the stretching properties of the textile substrates for a good comfort of the patients.
Die Herstellung von Prüfvorlagen erfordert Methoden, mit denen sich geräteunabhängig definierte Farben gezielt reproduzieren lassen. Hierzu werden in dieser Arbeit Methoden vorgestellt, mit denen sich im CIELAB-Farbraum (geräteunabhängig) definierte Farben in Ansteuerwerte (z. B. rgb-Werte) eines geeigneten Ausgabegerätes transformieren lassen. Die Methoden basieren auf geometrischen Modellen, die sich dadurch auszeichnen, dass sie zwischen einem Satz vorgegebener Referenzwerte, d. h. einem Satz von geräteunabhängigen Farbwerten und dazugehörigen Ansteuerwerten lokal interpolieren, um so die zwischen den Referenzwerten liegenden Farbwerte zu berechnen. Zur Interpolation werden die trilineare Interpolation, die kubischen Spline-Interpolation, die Tetraeder-Interpolation in einer Delaunay-Tetraedrisierung und die Shepard-Interpolation verwendet. Des Weiteren wurden zwei iterative Methoden entwickelt, bei denen die Referenzfarben nach jedem Iterationsschritt angepasst werden. Die von den Modellen benötigten Referenzwerte erhält man durch die Ausgabe einer Prüfvorlage mit einer entsprechenden Auswahl von Farben, definiert im Signalraum des Ausgabegerätes. Hierzu wurden verschiedene digitale Prüfvorlagen entwickelt, die kubisch-primitive Referenzfarbverteilungen, kubisch-primitive Referenzfarbverteilungen mit zusätzlichen Farbwerten am Rand des Gerätefarbraums und kubisch-raumzentrierte Referenzfarbverteilungen realisieren. Unter Verwendung eines Digital-Bilddrucksystems wurden die Reproduktionseigenschaften der verschiedenen Methoden bestimmt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass mit den Methoden im CIELAB-Farbraum definierte Farben mit einer Farbabweichung von im Mittel weniger als ΔE = 1,0 reproduziert werden können, was der Stabilität des verwendeten Drucksystems entspricht. Auf Basis dieser Untersuchungen wurden Methoden ausgewählt und mit ihnen ISO/IEC-Prüfvorlagen in photographischer Technik in Reflexion und Transmission hergestellt.
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The production of test charts makes it necessary to reproduce colours which are defined in a device independent colour space. This thesis presents methods to transform device independend CIELAB data into device dependend colour values (e. g. rgb-values) of an appropriate device. The methods are based on geometric models. The geometric models are using a set of reference data for a local interpolation, for example a set of device independent CIELAB data and corresponding signal values, for the calculation of values between the reference data. The interpolation uses the trilinear interpolation, the cubic spline interpolation, the tetrahedral interpolation in a Delaunay tetrahedrisation and the Shepard interpolation. Furthermore two iterative methods were developed, which are adjusting the reference colours after each iteration The reference data is determined by printing and measuring a test chart with a selection of colours defined in the device signal space. Different test charts were developed, which are using simple cubic reference colour arrangements, simple cubic reference colour arrangements with additional colour values near the boundary of the colour gamut and body-centered cubic reference colour arrangements. Using a digtal image printer the reproduction properties of the different methods were determined. It is shown that CIELAB colour data can be reproduced with a colour difference below ΔE = 1.0 which is in the range of the printer reproducibility. Based on this results the most accurate methods were used to produce ISO/IEC-test charts in reflection and transmission mode with photographic printing technology.
Fiber optic sensors based on polymer optical fibers (POF) take advantage of the high elasticity and high break-down strain of POF. Because of their outstanding elastic properties, POF are well suited for integration into technical textiles like geotextiles and medical textiles. Smart textiles with incorporated POF sensors, able to sense various mechanical and physical quantities, can be realized. The integration of POF as a sensor into geotextiles for monitoring of displacement of soil is very attractive since POF can be used for distributed strain measurement of strain values of more than 40 %. An online monitoring of critical mechanical deformations of geotechnical structures like dikes, dams, slopes, embankments as well as of masonry structures can be ensured. Medical textiles that incorporate POF sensors can control vital physiological parameters like respiratory movement and can be used for wearable health monitoring of patients requiring a continuous medical assistance and treatment. The biocompatibility of POF is an important criterion for selecting POF as a medical sensor. The paper shows selected examples of using POF sensors for the mentioned monitoring purposes.
We report on three respiration sensors based on pure optical technologies developed during the FP6 EU project OFSETH. The developed smart medical textiles can sense elongation up to 3%, while maintaining the stretching properties of the textile substrates for a good comfort of the patient. The sensors, based on silica and polymer fibre, are developed for monitoring of patients during MRI examination. The OFSETH harness allows a continuous measurement of respiration movements while all vitals organs are free for medical staff actions. The sensors were tested in MRI environment and on healthy adults.
The potential of the use of POF as distributed sensors in several application fields has been successfully demonstrated. The distributed POF sensors have moved from the laboratory to the field. The paper presents the recent progress in the development of distributed POF sensors and addresses the main challenges to this innovative technology.
We report on three respiration sensors based on pure optical technologies developed during the FP6 EU project
OFSETH. The developed smart medical textiles can sense elongation up to 3%, while maintaining the stretching
properties of the textile substrates for a good comfort of the patient. The sensors, based on silica and polymer fibre, are
developed for monitoring of patients during MRI examination. The OFSETH harness allows a continuous measurement
of respiration movements while all vitals organs are free for medical staff actions. The sensors were tested in MRI
environment and on healthy adults.
We investigated the sensing properties of a single mode Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Microstructured Polymer
Optical Fibre (MPOF) with mechanically imprinted Long Period Grating (LPG). We measured the influence of strain to
the LPG wavelength which showed the viscoelastic nature of PMMA. We also measured the influence of temperature
and humidity to the LPG wavelength.
The potential impact of optical fiber sensors embedded into medical textiles for the continuous monitoring of the patient during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is now proved. We report how two pure optical technologies can successfully sense textile elongation between, 0% and 3%, while maintaining the stretching properties of the textile substrates for a good comfort of the patient. Investigating influence of different patients' morphology as well as textile integration issues to let free all vitals organs for medical staff actions, the OFSETH harness allows a continuous measurement of respiration movements. For example, anaesthesia for MRI examination uses the same drugs as for any surgical procedure. Even if spontaneous respiration can be preserved most of the time, spontaneous respiration is constantly at risk of being impaired by anaesthetic drugs or by upper airway obstruction. Monitoring of the breathing activity is needed to assess adequate ventilation or to detect specific obstruction patterns. Moreover artefacts due to physiological motions induce a blooming effect on the MRI result. The use of synchronisation devices allows reducing these effects. Positioned at certain strategic places according to the investigated organ, the presented sensors could constitute an efficient and adapted solution for respiratory synchronisation of the MRI acquisition.
Technical textiles with embedded fibre optic sensors habe been developed for the purposes of the structural health monitoring in geotechnical and civil engineering as well as for healthcare monitoring in the medical sector. The paper shows selected examples of using such sensor-based smart textiles for different applications.
The versatility of MPOF offers a variety of sensing applications. In this paper the influence
of strain, temperature and humidity is investigated. The results show that MPOF LPGs are well suited
for strain sensing. Further investigations have to be made to clarify the behaviour on temperature and
humidity in more detail.
The European research project i-Protect “Intelligent PPE system for personnel in high-risk and complex environments”, supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme, develops an advanced personal protective equipment (PPE) system that will ensure active protection and information support for personnel operating in high risk and complex environments in fire fighting, chemical and mining rescue operations.
Within the project an intelligent underwear for monitoring the rescuers heart rate, body temperature, and respiratory rate will be developed.