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Emissionsminderung von Aldehyden durch den Einsatz von Antioxidantien bei der OSB-Plattenherstellung
(2009)
Product emissions chamber testing involves a complex protocol with several sources of measurement uncertainty (ASTM, 2010; ISO, 2006). Despite the potential for significant variability in measurement results within and among laboratories, there is no Standard method available to assess the accuracy of emissions chamber test results. Recently, Germany’s Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) started a program to evaluate the performance of laboratories testing for the AgBB (German Committee for Health-related Evaluation of Building Products) labelling scheme (Wilke et al., 2009). Test method validation was conducted through interlaboratory studies (ILS) with over 30 participants. Simultaneously, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Virginia Tech (VT) started a program to develop a series of reference materials that mimic real building products, can be tested in typical emissions chambers, and have independently known emission rates (Cox et al., 2010). BAM, NIST and VT subsequently joined forces to conduct a series of inter-laboratory studies using the prototype reference material. A pilot ILS was conducted with BAM and NIST followed by an expanded ILS with several participating countries. Results from these interlaboratory studies have the potential to define an internationally-accepted Standard approach to validate results from product emissions tests.
The labelling of construction products or building materials as “low-emitting” is based on measurements using third-party emission test chambers. Unfortunately there is no method to validate the performance of such test chamber measurements. This might give a Variation of results when testing one material at different laboratories. Therefore it is necessary to hold round robin tests as part of the quality management System to ensure comparable results.
A research project financed by the Federal Environmental Agency focused on the development of an external quality management System for the detection of relevant Chemical compounds from products and in ambient air. The project was structured in four phases (Horn et al., 2009 and 2011; Wilke et al., 2009a) This paper shows results of the fourth phase of the project, which was an inter-laboratory study for VOC-emission testing by means of emission test chambers.
Wood and wood products are often used as construction material for buildings and even more for furniture and indoor decoration. Therefore Chemical emissions from wood have an influence on the indoor air quality. A research project financed by the Federal Environmental Agency focused on VOC emissions from oriented Strand boards (OSB) and also from plywood made from pine and spruce (Wilke et al., 2011a). This paper shows results of the plywood testing because only little information is available about plywood emission behaviour and its impact on indoor air quality.
Formic and acetic acids are often responsible for damage of cultural objects, e. g. glass and metal corrosion or changing and fading of colours. Museums all around the world are equipped with different show cases. Display cases should protect cultural objects from dust as well as from mechanical damage. Several construction materials which are used for display cases, including wood, glue and coatings, are possible sources of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These construction products can emit formic and acetic acids into the indoor or display case air. Modern display cases with small air change rates can cause higher concentrations of formic and acetic acids if any source is installed in the display case (Salthammer and Uhde, 2009). To minimize the risk of damage emissions from building products must be quantified. There is a need for a method for identification and quantification of acetic and formic acid. Some possibilities for the identification of acetic acid exist. The quantification of acetic acid for example after sampling on TENAX® or CARBOTRAP and thermal desorption-GC in accordance with ISO 16000-6 and ISO 16017-1 results in very low recovery rates. A new method should be stabile, robust, reproducible and comparable, with an easy local sampling and determination in laboratories. Miniaturised emission test chambers and model display cases were used to study the recovery rates.
Correlation of aldehyde emissions and fatty acids content in pine wood and oriented strand boards
(2011)
Indoor air quality is important for human health and comfort. To ensure good indoor air quality contamination by volatile organic compounds (VOC) should be minimised. The aim of the project is the reduction of unsaturated aldehydes which can emit from oriented Strand boards (OSB): These aldehydes have an impact on the health based evaluation of emissions from products for indoor use according to the AgBB (Ausschuss zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten, Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products) scheine (AgBB 2010). The model OSB were produced in a pilot plant using well known raw materials (Pinus sylvestris at different trunk heights) under using various processing parameters (Wilke et al. 2011).
OSB emit predominantly monoterpenes and aldehydes. Aldehydes are oxidation products of fatty acids in wood. The conditions which affect the oxidation process are the fatty acid concentration and composition, the oxygen content, the sample surface and the presence of compounds which indicate, inhibit or stop the oxidation respectively. The oxidation rate rises with an increasing number of double bounds in the fatty acid, e.g. the oxidation rate between oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid correspond to 1:12:24. One of the most important products of fatty acid oxidation is hexanal. It is generated during the oxidation of linoleic acid. This study shows a direct correlation between aldehyde emission and oxidation, hexanal can be used as an indicator for oxidation.
Quality and trueness of results received from measurements are very important for all involved parties, producers and consumers as well; for instance, if the results were used for acceptance of a product within a labeling procedure. Based on an inter-laboratory study with many German, European and US-American laboratories an extemal quality assurance System for the analysis of VOC emitting from products or the measurement in indoor air should be implemented (financed by the German Federal Environmental Agency).
A focus was set on the emission test chamber experiments and the connected analytical procedure. VOC have a dominating influence when applying the German AgBB scheme for health evaluation of building products.
Therefore it is necessary to ensure that the results between the testing laboratories are comparable. The successful participation to such round robin tests is offen essential for the acceptance of results given by an analytical laboratory.