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- Baumusterzulassung (5)
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Organisationseinheit der BAM
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (17)
The material parameters melt flow rate (MFR), density (D), notched impact strength (NIS) at –30°C, stress crack resistance [determined with the Full Notch Creep Test (FNCT)] and resistance to oxidative degradation (Ox) have been selected for a comparison of polyethylene grades in the European standard EN 15507. These parameters have a relationship with design type tests of packagings for the transport of dangerous goods.
This paper presents the results of additional investigations to determine the impact of the pre-storage time of jerricans with 55% nitric acid at 40°C and 23°C on the marginal drop heights in drop tests at –18°C, on the MFR and on the tensile properties. Jerricans made of different polyethylene grades were pre-stored with 55% nitric acid for 21, 42 and 84 days at 40°C and for six months at 23°C.
The tests showed that the NIS values at –30°C of polyethylene grades were not comparable with marginal drop heights determined in drop tests at –18°C.
Pre-damage with 55% nitric acid for 21 days at 40°C led to an increase in the marginal drop heights of the jerricans. Altering the test regulations by increasing pre-storage time with 55% nitric acid to 42 days would be an alternative.
The test results demonstrated clearly that pre-storage of the jerricans for six months at 23°C caused a higher increase in the MFR and lower marginal drop heights for the jerricans when compared with pre-stored jerricans for 21 days at 40°C.
The aim of this work was to study the interaction between high-density polyethylene (HDPE) grades as material for dangerous goods packagings and biofuels such as E85 and biodiesel. Jerricans made of two polyethylene (PE) grades were filled with these fuels and exposed to temperatures of 20°C and 40°C for 1 year. Tensile properties (tensile strength, breaking elongation and elasticity modulus) and melt flow rate (MFR) were determined once a month, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to evaluate changes in the chemical structure.
Measurements of the MFR and tensile properties of the PE grades after 1 year of exposure to E85 showed only a slightly damaging influence. An increase in the peak of 1585 cm-1 (C=C) stretching vibrations is visible in the FTIR spectra after the immersion tests with E85. Therefore, packagings made of HDPE grades are suitable for the transport of E85.
An increase in the MFR with immersion time of the grades in biodiesel was measured, in particular, after 1 year of exposure. The elasticity modulus of the PE grades was reduced with immersion time. The FTIR spectra showed a broadening of the CO peak of 1740 cm-1 and the appearance of the hydroxyl group at 3500 cm-1. Both results are explained by secondary degradation products of the PE decomposition process caused by increasing unsaturated fatty acid content in the biodiesel. In light of the above mentioned, it was concluded that HDPE grades are not suitable as packaging materials for the transport of biodiesel.
Resistance to oxidative degradation by nitric acid has been selected for a comparison of polyethylene grades in a European standard on suitability proof for alternative plastic resins used for packagings and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) for the transport of dangerous goods. Measurements of the infrared (IR) absorption spectra of microtome slices cut from the walls of jerricans, which were pre-stored with 55% nitric acid for 21 and 42 days at 40°C, showed changes in the structure of the polyethylene. The penetration depths of 55% nitric acid into the polyethylene grades are, in principle, suitable for evaluating the resistance to oxidative degradation of polyethylene grades after pre-storage of the packagings for 21 days. After this period the packaging wall is not fully penetrated. The intensities of the IR bands at 1565 cm-1 (-NO2), 1630 cm-1 (-C=C) and 1654 cm-1 (-O-NO2) increased with the treatment time with 55% nitric acid as a result of oxidative damage by the nitric acid. The high increase in absorbance of the -C=C band in the region 1630 - 1690 cm-1 is attributable to paraffinic chain cracks. The absorbance of the -O-NO2 band, formed as result of the nitration process was still low at a test temperature of 40°C.
ISO-Container CSC
(2011)
BK-Schüttgut-Container
(2008)
Neues vom BK-Code
(2008)
Fast alle zu errichtenden Bauwerke benötigen ein entsprechendes Fundament, was bedeutet, dass die Erde aufgegraben werden muss. Beim Bodenaushub kann es aber Schwierigkeiten geben, denn es können z. B. tonnenschwere Steine im Untergrund liegen oder Kabel und Rohre, die niemand dort vermutet hat und von denen man nicht sofort weiß, ob sie noch in Betrieb sind. Oftmals werden Rohrleitungen, die Flüssigkeiten oder Gase befördern, 'angebaggert.' Über diese Pipelines sollten zwar Pläne existieren, aus denen die Lage eindeutig hervorgeht. Doch Theorie und Praxis streben oftmals weit auseinander. Nachfolgender Beitrag geht der Frage nach, warum es bei Grabungsarbeiten in der Peripherie von Pipelinetrassen oftmals auch erst nach Jahren zu Produktfreisetzungen kommt.
Compatibility of high density polyethylene grades with bioethanol-gasoline blends and biodiesel
(2012)
Biofuels including ethanol and biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) represent an impor-tant renewable fuel alternative to petroleum-derived transport fuels. Increasing bio-fuel use would bring some benefits, such as a reduction in oil demands and green-house gas emissions, and an improvement in air quality.
Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed in a fuel system.
The aim of this work is to study the interaction between sealing materials such as FKM (fluorocarbon rubber), EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene rubber), CR (chloro-prene rubber), CSM (chlorosulfonated polyethylene), NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), IIR (butyl rubber), VMQ (methyl-vinyl-silicone rubber) and FVMQ (methyl-fluoro-silicone rubber) and biofuels such as biodiesel, E85 (fuel with 85% ethanol) and B10 (heating oil with 10% biodiesel) at 70°C for 84 days. Experiments were con-ducted with tests specimens of theses elastomers to document the changes in the mass and tensile properties of these sealing materials according to ISO 1817.
The exposure tests of the elastomers in E85 at 70°C showed that the weight gain caused by swelling of the test specimens was in the range of 3% to 12%. However, the weight gain of the fluorinated elastomers was at the lower end of this range. Tensile strength and breaking elongation decreased by 22% to 61% or 13% to 77%. The lowest decrease in the tensile properties was determined for FKM, EPDM und IIR. These sealing materials were evaluated as resistant to E85 up to a temperature of 70°C.
Biodiesel absorbed water more quickly and aged faster than conventional diesel fuel. The weight loss of the elastomers varied between 9% (FKM) and 126% (CSM) in biodiesel. FKM was evaluated as resistant with a 16% reduction in tensile strength, a 2% reduction in breaking elongation and low weight loss. NBR, EPDM, CSM and VMQ were evaluated as not resistant. CSM even lost 84% of its original tensile strength and 78% of its breaking elongation.
The highest weight gain as a result of swelling was measured for CSM with 86%, for EPDM with 84% and for VMQ with 54% in B10, while the fluorine-containing elasto-mers FKM (1%) and FVMQ (3%) absorbed much less B10 and swelled less. FKM lost 23% in tensile strength and 17% in breaking elongation; FMVQ lost 29% in ten-sile strength and 36% in breaking elongation. FMVQ was, therefore, only limited in its resistance to B10.
The elastomers NBR, EPDM, CSM and VMQ were not resistant to B10 at all as the decrease in the tensile properties was significantly over 50%. NBR lost about 93% and CSM about 100% of its breaking elongation.
The conclusion of the investigations at 70°C is that FKM is the most resistant sealing material in biodiesel, E85 (fuel with 85% ethanol) and B10 (heating oil with 10% biodiesel).
Climate change, CO2 reduction, resource efficiency are only 3 current keywords that describe the current industrial-economic situation. In order to influence climate change effectively, the conversion of supply systems with technically usable forms of energy must succeed in the next decade. The international network founded in Baku in 2015 bundles research activities in the broad field of energy supply and energy efficiency.
Discuss current research approaches and results with scientists and experts from renowned universities and follow Azerbaijan's efforts to implement the energy revolution.
Mit der Übernahme der Baumusterzulassungen auch für Tankfahrzeuge, sogenannte fest verbundene Tanks, ging eine Umstellung des Zulassungsverfahrens einher. Diese betraf alle am Zulassungsverfahren beteiligten Parteien gleichermaßen. Entschiedenste Umstellung war hier wohl die Vereinheitlichung des Zulassungsverfahrens für alle Hersteller. Dies schafft Transparenz und führt somit zu Wettbewerbsgleichheit.
Biofuels including ethanol and biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) represent an important renewable fuel alternative to petroleum-derived transport fuels. Increasing biofuel use would bring some benefits, such as a reduction in oil demands and greenhouse gas emissions, and an improvement in air quality.
Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed in a fuel system. The question arises of whether sealing materials are resistant to fuels with bioethanol and biodiesel (rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl ester).
The aim of this work is to study the interaction between sealing materials such as FKM (fluorocarbon rubber), EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene rubber), CR (chloroprene rubber), CSM (chlorosulfonated polyethylene), NBR (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber), IIR (butyl rubber), VMQ (methyl-vinyl-silicone rubber), FVMQ (methyl-fluoro-silicone rubber) and PA (polyamide) and biofuels such as biodiesel (FAME, non-aged and 2 years aged), E85 (fuel with 85% ethanol) and B10 (heating oil with 10% biodiesel, non-aged and one year aged) compared with premium-grade fuel at 20°C, 40°C and 70°C for 84 days. Exposure experiments were conducted with specimens of these elastomers to document the changes in the mass and tensile properties of these sealing materials. Visual examination of some test specimens clearly showed a great volume increase until breakage or partial dissolution.
The sealing materials FVMQ, VMQ and PA were evaluated as resistant in E85 at 20°C and 40°C with a reduction of tensile properties limited to 15%. None of the examined materials was evaluated as resistant at 70°C with even fluorocarbon rubber losing 20% of its tensile strength in E85.
When exposed to biodiesel, elastomers were affected in two ways: firstly, by absorption of liquid by the elastomers and, secondly, by dissolution of soluble components from the elastomers into the liquid medium. Swelling was the result of the high absorption by the elastomers CR, CSM, EPDM, IIR and NBR in comparison to their dis-solution in non-aged and two years aged biodiesel. FKM, VMQ and PA were evaluated as resistant sealing materials in non-aged biodiesel at 40°C. FKM was still resistant in aged biodiesel at 40°C but only to a limited degree at 70°C.
The sealing materials CR, CSM, EPDM, IIR, NBR and VMQ were damaged to a high extent in non-aged and one year aged B10 as a result of swelling up to 70°C. FVMQ and PA can be evaluated as resistant in non-aged and one year aged B10 at 20°C and 40°C. However, FKM was evaluated as resistant up to 70°C.
The exposure tests showed that all the elastomers tested were resistant in the premium-grade fuel Super at 20°C. On increasing the temperature to 40°C, only FKM, VMQ and PA were resistant to Super. At 70°C FKM showed the best resistance.
Der internationale Verband für gefährliche Güter und Container (International Dangerous Goods Container Association - IDGCA) möchte eine neue Gefahrgutumschließung in die Transportvorschriften implementieren. Hierbei handelt es sich um quasi extragroße Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC) mit einem maximalen Volumen von 15 m³. In den UN-Model-Regulations sowie dem IMDG-Code war der Verband damit schon erfolgreich. Jetzt steht die Einführung im europäischen Binnenverkehr an.
Zur Gewährleistung der Dichtheit von Eisenbahnkesselwagen während des Betriebs stellt das europäische Gefahrgutrecht für den Eisenbahnverkehr (RID) sowohl bauliche, konstruktive Anforderungen an die Ausrüstung wie auch an die Verwendung, den Betrieb dieser Kesselwagen und deren Ausrüstungsteile.
Das Ziel des Projekts bestand in der Ermittlung der Ursachen für auftretende Undichtigkeiten an den unteren Füll- und Entleerungseinrichtungen von Kesselwagen im Betrieb (zum Transport von Gefahrgütern der Klasse 3 in Deutschland) und der Ausarbeitung entsprechender Vorschläge in technischer und organisatorischer Richtung sowie zur zugehörenden Rechtslage zur Vermeidung dieser Undichtigkeiten.
Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed in a fuel system. Therefore frequently used sealing materials such as FKM (fluorocarbon rubber), FVMQ (methyl-fluoro-silicone rubber), VMQ (methyl-vinyl-silicone rubber), EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene rubber), CR (chloroprene rubber), CSM (chlorosulfonated polyethylene), IIR (butyl rubber), PA (polyamides), N8R (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber) and PUR (polyester urethane rubber) were exposed to E1 0, diese I fuel with 5% biodiesel, non-aged and 2 year aged 810 (heating oil with 10% biodiesel), and for comparison to pure diese! fuel, standard heating oil and Super plus without bioethanol at 20 °C, 40 oc and 70 oc for 84 days. Mass, tensile strength and breaking elongation of the test specimens were determined before and after the exposure. The visual examination of some elastomer test specimens clearly showed the great volume increase until break or partial dissolution. Shore hardness A and D (for PA) were determined before and after exposure of the test specimens to the biofuels for 42 days.
There is not determined a threshold for the reduction in tensile properties and Shore hardness in the international standards. Therefore a threshold of 15% was determined for the evaluation of the compatibility.
The sealing materials FKM, EPDM, N8R, FMVQ, CSM and PA were evaluated on the basis of this threshold as resistant in E1 0 at 20 oc and 40 °C. FKM, FVMQ and PA were resistant at 40 oc , and none of the materials were resistant at 70 °C. FKM and FVMQ absorbed much less 810 and swelled less. CR, CSM, EPDM, IIR, N8R and VMQ were not resistant to 810 at all at 20 oc, 40 oc and 70 oc as the decrease in the tensile properties was significantly over 50%. FVMQ and PA could be evaluated as resistant in non-aged and two year aged 810 at 20 oc and 40 oc, whereas FKM was resistant up to 70 °C. FKM, PA and PUR were evaluated as resistant in standard heating oil and pure diese! fuel at temperatures up to 40°C, only FKM was resistant up to 70°C. FVMQ, FKM, N8R, VMQ, CR and IIR can be evaluated as resistant in premium grade fuel Super plus without ethanol at 20 oc. FKM, FVMQ, VMQ and IIR were still resistant at 40 °C. FKM and FVMQ were evaluated as resistant with restrictions at 70 °C.
ln summary, it can be therefore stated that the chemical resistance of the fluoropolymers FKM and FVMQ in fuels and biofuels is the best one.
Impact of biocomponents in the fuel and heating oil on the compatibility of sealing materials
(2016)
The objective of this research was to determine the resistance of frequently used sealing materials such as FKM, FVMQ, VMQ, EPDM, CR, CSM, IIR, PA, NBR and PUR in fuels and heating oil with and without admixtures of biogenic sources such as E10, diesel fuel with 5 % biodiesel, non-aged and 2 year aged B10 (heating oil with 10 % biodiesel), pure diesel, standard heating oil and premium grade fuel Super plus at 20 °C, 40 °C and 70 °C.
Mass, tensile strength and breaking elongation of the test specimens were determined before and after the exposure for 84 days in the fuels. The visual examination of some elastomer test specimens clearly showed the great volume increase until break or partial dissolution. Shore hardness A and D (for PA) were determined before and after exposure of the test specimens in the biofuels for 42 days.
There is not determined a threshold for the reduction in tensile properties and Shore hardness in the international standards. Therefore a threshold of 15 % was determined for the evaluation of the compatibility.
In summary, it can be therefore stated that the chemical resistance of the fluoropolymers FKM and FVMQ in fuels and biofuels is the best one.
Impact of biocomponents in the fuel and heating oil on the compatibility of sealing materials
(2016)
The objective of this research was to determine the resistance of frequently used sealing materials such as FKM, FVMQ, VMQ, EPDM, CR, CSM, IIR, PA, NBR and PUR in fuels and heating oil with and without admixtures of biogenic sources such as E10, diesel fuel with 5 % biodiesel, non-aged and 2 year aged B10 (heating oil with 10 % biodiesel), pure diesel, standard heating oil and premium grade fuel Super plus at 20 °C, 40 °C and 70 °C.
Mass, tensile strength and breaking elongation of the test specimens were determined before and after the exposure for 84 days in the fuels. The visual examination of some elastomer test specimens clearly showed the great volume increase until break or partial dissolution. Shore hardness A and D (for PA) were determined before and after exposure of the test specimens in the biofuels for 42 days.
There is not determined a threshold for the reduction in tensile properties and Shore hardness in the international standards. Therefore a threshold of 15 % was determined for the evaluation of the compatibility.
In summary, it can be therefore stated that the chemical resistance of the fluoropolymers FKM and FVMQ in fuels and biofuels is the best one.
Biofuels represent an important renewable fuel alternative to petroleum-derived transport fuels. Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed. The aim of this work is to study the interaction of the elastomers: FKM, EPDM, CR, CSM, NBR, IIR, VMQ and FVMQ and biofuels such as biodiesel (FAME), E85 (fuel with 85% ethanol) and B10 (heating oil with 10% biodiesel). Exposure tests were performed with test specimens at 40°C (104°F) and 70°C (158°F) for 84 days to document the changes in mass, volume and tensile properties according to ISO 1817. The exposure tests in E85 showed that the weight gain caused by swelling was in the range up to 12%. The lowest decrease in the tensile properties was determined for FKM, VMQ and IIR. The weight gain of the elastomers in biodiesel varied between 10% (FKM) and 126% (CSM) and the loss of tensile strength between 16% (FKM) and 100% (CSM) at 70°C (158°F). FKM and FVMQ absorbed much less B10 and swelled less. NBR, EPDM, CR, CSM, IIR and VMQ were not resistant to B10 at all as the decrease in the tensile properties was significantly over 50%. Among all of the elastomers FKM showed high compatibility with these biofuels up to 70°C (158°F).
To reduce the global emission of CO2, liquified natural gas (LNG) is increasingly used as fuel. As the pipeline network is not developed all around the globe, LNG needs to be transported via ship or truck. Double-walled tanks made of steel with a vacuum insulation are currently used to keep LNG at cryogenic temperatures (-162 °C; 111 K). The double-walled construction makes the tanks heavy and expensive. The vacuum insulation between the two walled structure ensures that the LNG stays liquid over the transportation time (boiling point of LNG: -162 ◦C). This causes a high temperature difference between the transported good and the ambient air. Furthermore, there are some restrictions in carrying out in-service inspection using a double-wall design. Therefore, alternative tank designs, such as single wall glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP), are of growing interest.
The material properties of GFRP and tank insulation at cryogenic temperatures are investigated. Liquified nitrogen (-196 °C; 77 K) is used for all experiments at cryogenic temperatures for safety reasons. Thermal conductivity of different layers are investigated and compared. Mechanical properties are analyzed by performing 3-point bending tests on cooled specimen. When cooled, the specimens fail at a higher force, but all layers of the laminate fail at once. Further investigations into the characterization of material properties, such as CT scans are currently in preparation.
Evaluation is done by FEM and in approximation via analytical solutions.
This paper describes the testing methods used to determine the thermal properties of insulation materials and mechanical properties of materials used for the load-bearing structure for pressure tanks (up to 4 bar, relative) and cryogenic liquids (LNG, −166 °C to -157 °C at atmospheric pressure). Goal is to design a transportation tank that does not exceed 4 bars (relative) within 10 h, starting at atmospheric pressure. PUR-foam is a suitable material for the insulation. A 12,5 l small scale tank prototype reached 4 bar (relative) within 87 minutes, which is, regarding the influence of the size, a satisfying result. The mechanical properties change significantly at cryogenic temperatures. The bending modulus is similar at first, but decreases at a certain point by appr. 50 %. However, the maximum stress is much higher and could not be reached within this testing setup.
Formale Pflichterfüllung
(2019)
ERFA BAM - BAG
(2019)
Formale Pflichterfüllung
(2019)
Probleme mit der Einhaltung formaler Anforderungen bei der Beantragung von Baumusterzulassungen können für Verärgerung sorgen – nicht nur beim Antragsteller, sondern auch bei der Zulassungsbehörde. Warum die Formalitäten aber so wichtig sind, welche Spielräume die Behörden tatsächlich haben und wie Sorgfalt und Gründlichkeit zu mehr Planungssicherheit innerhalb eines komplexen Systems führen, möchte dieser Beitrag anhand einiger Beispiele zeigen.
To reduce the emission of carbondyoxide (CO2) of combustion engines, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is used as an alternative fuel. LNG is transported via truck, ship or railway for long distances. Double walled stainless steel tanks are used for transportation, which are heavy and expensive. The vacuum insulation between the two walled structure ensures that the LNG stays liquid over the transportation time (boiling point of LNG: -162 ◦C). This causes a high temperature difference between the transported good and the ambient air.
A simplified tank construction is used to reduce the weight and price of the tank. Instead of stainless steel, glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) is used. The design is changed to a single walled construction with a solid insulation material outside on the GFRP structure.
Goal of this work is the characterization of a suitable insulation material and configuration as well as the analysis of the mechanical properties of GFRP under cryogenic conditions. Several experiments are carried out. Numerical models of these experiments can then be used for parameter studies.
Fiber-reinforced-materials become increasingly being used, also in the range of safety-relevant components.(tail unit A380, pressure receptacles)
Failure criteria is widely unknown,when available it results from empirical data.
Every fiber-reinforced construction shows different properties according to its specific values.
This is due to the fact that the real material is produced whilst the process of construction –in difference to e.g. metals.
The use of glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GRP) can reduce the weight of tanks significantly. By replacing steel with GRP in tanks for gases (propane, etc.) a weight reduction of up to 50 % was reached. In this project not only the material should be optimized, but also the design. Previous tanks consist of a double-walled structure with an insulation layer between the two shells (e.g. vacuum). Goal of this project is to realize a single-walled construction of GRP with an insulation layer on the outside.
To determine the temperature dependent material values, two different experiments are performed: In the first experiment, temperature dependent material properties of liquid nitrogen found in literature research are validated in a simple setup. The level of liquid nitrogen in a small jar is measured over the experiment time. Numerical simulation shows the change of nitrogen level with sufficient precision. In the second experiment, a liquid nitrogen is applied on one side of a GRP plate. Temperature is measured with thermocouples on top and bottom of the GRP plate, as well as in the middle of the plate. By use of numerical simulation, temperature dependent thermal conductivity is determined.
In the third experiment, a test stand is designed to examine different insulation materials. In this test stand, the insulation material can easily be changed. A numerical simulation, in which the determined material data is used, is performed as well for this test stand.
The experiments show, that GRP can be used in cryogenic environments. Multiphase simulations are a suitable tool to describe the energy absorption of thermal energy due to thermal phase change. Results on different insulation materials will follow.