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Die "Empfehlungen für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter, Handbuch über Prüfungen und Kriterien" ergänzen die "Empfehlungen für die Beförderung gefährlicher Güter, Modellvorschriften" und das "Global harmonisierte System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien (GHS)". Sie enthalten Kriterien, Prüfmethoden und –verfahren, die angewendet werden sowohl für die Einstufung gefährlicher Güter nach den Vorschriften der Teile 2 und 3 der Modellvorschriften als auch für Chemikalien, von denen nach dem GHS physikalische Gefahren ausgehen.
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations have been carried out to investigate the behavior of turbulent, subsonic jet fires of the peroxy-fuel Di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) using the SAS-SST turbulence model, the discrete transfer radiation model, the eddy dissipation combustion model and the Magnussen soot model. Safety relevant parameters, such as flame length, temperature and thermal radiation are predicted to give recommendations on safety distances.
Während die Gefahr von Explosionen dort besteht, wo Stäube aufgewirbelt vorliegen, bergen abgelagerte Stäube das Risiko von Bränden. Die Beurteilung daraus entstehender Gefahren und das Auslegen von vorbeugenden und konstruktiven Schutzmaßnahmen erfolgt über sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen (STK). Diese lagen bislang in Datenbanken nur in Einzelwerten vor und wurden nun zu Gruppen zusammengefasst. Das Besondere daran: Erstmals werden nun bewertete Bandbreiten angegeben, in denen sich die STK der Stäube bewegen.
Fire and explosion hazards associated with storage and transportation of flammable materials have been a matter of great interest in the recent times. BLEVE is a scenario that occurs when a closed fuel container is subjected to heat for a longer duration. Such events are disastrous to human beings and assets both. In the past there have been numerous studies on BLEVEs and fireballs of hydrocarbon fuels, e.g. kerosene, gasoline, LPG, LNG and others. Though, the fireballs of peroxy-fuels are not looked into detail as such. This article tries to overcome this lack of knowledge. Both, experimental investigation and CFD simulations are performed to measure and predict the fireball characteristics of a peroxy-fuel. Due to thermal decomposition in the liquid phase and active oxygen content a peroxy-fuel fireball burns at a very fast rate and emit higher thermal radiation whereas exhibits smaller diameter and elevation compared to hydrocarbons. That eventually leads to consideration of larger safety distances from them which are also verified by CFD results.
Scenarios of underground gas pipeline failure, crater formation, dispersion of gas, explosion and subsequent fires are investigated with semi-empirical and with CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modelling. In order to strengthen the accident based learning approaches present investigations are performed in the context of recent GAIL (Gas Authority of India Limited) natural gas pipeline incident occurred in India. The foreseeability of damages to lives of people and assets due to explosion overpressure and thermal radiation are assessed. The released gas is considered as slightly dense-than-air i.e. 1.5 times. Depending on the LFL (Lower Flammability Limit) of gas the dispersion diameter and heights are predicted which followed the visual evidences appropriately. The model was furthermore tested with an even denser medium and was found to be worked well there too. The estimated explosion overpressures with the standard methods and also with CFD reproduced the scenario nicely. The effects of congestion VBR (Volume Blockage Ratio) in form of vegetation on stable atmospheric boundary layer flow is analysed and its contribution towards turbulence and hazard enhancement is studied.
It is found that the major source of fatalities was higher thermal radiation emitted by pool fires of methane. The estimated thermal safety distances clearly demonstrate the ignorance/under estimation of likelihood and consequence of such hazardous events. For such incidents CFD demonstrated a strong capability to assess the pre or/and post events foreseeabilities within a reasonable amount of time and with an acceptable level of accuracy meeting the industrial needs for risk analysis.
Dampening of energetic properties and the effects of blending proportions of isododecane on the diffusive burning behaviour of peroxy-fuels are experimentally studied. Blended peorxy-fuels are obtained by adding isododecane in the proportions of 25 wt.%, 50 wt.% and 75 wt.%, respectively, in technical pure peroxy-fuels. The fuels were burned in form of pool fires with diameters 0.02 m ≤ d ≤ 1 m. The mass burning rates and relative flame lengths are found to be weakened with increasing diluent proportions. By measuring the mass burning rates and visible flame lengths of pool fires of different samples of fuel blends an optimum blending criterion is developed. Furthermore, it is shown that the dilution proportions and flame characteristics can be correlated by empirical equations.