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Direct Anion Sensing with Amplified Flourescence Using Moleculary Imprinted Core-Shell Nanoparticles
(2013)
A naphthalimide-based fluorescent indicator monomer 1 for the integration into chromo- and fluorogenic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was synthesized and characterized. The monomer was equipped with a urea binding site to respond to carboxylate-containing guests with absorption and fluorescence changes, namely a bathochromic shift in absorption and fluorescence quenching. Detailed spectroscopic analyses of the title compound and various models revealed the signaling mechanism. Titration studies employing benzoate and Z-ʟ-phenylalanine (Z-ʟ-Phe) suggest that indicator monomers such as the title compound undergo a mixture of deprotonation and complex formation in the presence of benzoate but yield hydrogen-bonded complexes, which are desirable for the molecular imprinting process, with weakly basic guests like Z-ʟ-Phe. Compound 1 could be successfully employed in the synthesis of monolithic and thin-film MIPs against Z-ʟ-Phe, Z-L-glutamic acid, and penicillin G. Chromatographic assessment of the selectivity features of the monoliths revealed enantioselective discrimination and clear imprinting effects. Immobilized on glass coverslips, the thin-film MIPs of 1 displayed a clear signaling behavior with a pronounced enantioselective fluorescence quenching dependence and a promising discrimination against cross-analytes.
Integration of a polymerisable fluorescent urea-nitrobenzoxadiazole monomer 1 into a few-nanometre thin molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) shell coated onto a 300 nm silica core with the tetrabutylammonium salt of N-carbobenzyloxy-L-phenylalanine (Cbz- or Z-ʟ-Phe) as the imprinted template yields core/shell MIP nanoparticles that respond to the designated analyte with a strong fluorescence increase in the visible spectral range. The system shows promising imprinting and enantioselectivity factors of 3.6 and 1.9 when benzylmethylacrylate (BMA) is used as co-monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as cross-linker. A second, naphthalimide-based fluorescent urea 2 is employed in the preparation of MIP thin-films and monolithic polymers for separation techniques. Spectroscopic and chromatographic studies of the MIPs with the analytes Z-ʟ-Phe, Z-ʟ-glutamic acid (Z-ʟ-Glu) and penicilin G (PenG) revealed the (enantio)selective discrimination behaviour of these materials.