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- Non-destructive testing (2)
- Prestressed concrete bridges (2)
- Radar (2)
- 3D-SAFT (1)
- Automatisierung (1)
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Results of reconstructed and fused NDT-data measured in the laboratory and on-site at bridges
(2006)
Non-destructive testing (NDT) of concrete structures plays an increasing role in civil engineering. This paper presents the results of measurements carried out in the laboratory at BAM and on-site at several bridges using reconstructed and fused radar and ultrasonic echo data sets. In this context different scanning systems, developed for the on-site application of NDT-methods (e.g. reinforced concrete bridges) are introduced. The main object was the demonstration of the improved effectiveness of radar and ultrasonic pulse echo technique due to the automated measurements and the application of new software for the data processing and data visualisation. The results of these measurements show the high potential of reconstruction and data fusion for the improvement and simplification of the interpretability of large data sets measured with impulse-echo methods.
The European infrastructure asset has developed historically and is characterized by nation-specific construction processes. Inspection, condition assessment, and maintenance procedures differ from country to country. Because of historical and political circumstances, national infrastructure assets are maintained at different levels, too. Since the budget for maintaining the bridge infrastructure less and less meets the demands of a growing bridge stock, bridge inspection, maintenance, and life-cycle considerations gain higher importance. The need exists to develop effective diagnosis tools for early detection of construction faults, defects, and deterioration processes during inspection, to keep the bridge infrastructure at an acceptable level, from structural safety and economic viewpoints. An overview on the latest research projects and integrated bridge management systems in Europe is given. The potentials of nondestructive testing (NDT) are presented, with special focus on technical advances of NDT applications to reinforced concrete (RC) and posttensioned concrete bridges. Although NDT is not regularly integrated in these processes, the application brings valuable information on the current condition of the inner structure in called-in special inspections. NDT-automation and the application of imaging echo methods, combined with advanced data processing, produce a surprising level of information about the inner structure of massive RC slabs up to a depth of about 60 cm. Detected inhomogeneity and scatterers of acoustic or electromagnetic waves can be visualized in vertical or horizontal slices through the structure or animations. The fusion of different three-dimensional data sets of processed data improves the interpretability and accuracy of the results.
This paper presents the progress of successful location of grouting faults in tendon ducts with ultrasonic imaging. The examples were obtained in the research group FOR 384 funded by DFG (German Research Foundation). The co-operation of experimental research and modeling allowed imaging and identification of grouted and ungrouted areas of tendon ducts (including strands) in a large test specimen (40 m²). In addition to the criteria for indicating grouting faults in post-tensioned ducts known until now the phase evaluation of reflected ultrasonic pulses is described. Experiments and modeling of wave propagation are presented for reflections at metal plates in concrete (thickness range 0.5 mm to 40 mm) and for tendon ducts including strands.
The main part of the progress was achieved by automated measurements using dry contact transducers, 3D-SAFT reconstruction including phase evaluation and modeling considering wave propagation for typical elastic parameters and exact experimental site conditions. The results for shear waves as well as for pressure waves are compared in the frequency range from 50 kHz to 120 kHz.
Die Standsicherheit und Dauerhaftigkeit von Spannbetonbrücken werden wesentlich durch den Ist-Zustand der Bewehrung und der Spannglieder bestimmt. Bei komplexeren Schadensbildern oder dem Verdacht visuell nicht erkennbarer Schäden sind zur Zustandsbeurteilung detaillierte Informationen über deren Art und Umfang durch Objektbezogene Schadensanalysen zu erheben. Die Anzahl der dazu zu öffnenden Untersuchungsstellen kann durch den Einsatz zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren (ZfPBau-Verfahren) deutlich reduziert werden. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der automatisierten ZfPBau-Verfahren - Radar, Ultraschallecho und Impact-Echo - für die Ortung von Bewehrung, internen Spanngliedern und gegebenenfalls vorhandenen Verpreßfehlern wird anhand von Messungen an der Fuldatalbrücke bei Eichenzell gezeigt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen werden bildgebend dargestellt.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren im Bauwesen werden zunehmend für großflächige und detaillierte Zustandsuntersuchungen von Bauwerken angewendet. Für gezielte Untersuchungen von spanngliedführenden Bereichen mit einem Schadensverdacht in Spannbetonbauwerken eignen sich die Prüfverfahren Ultraschallecho, Impakt-Echo und Radar. Eine nennenswerte Verbesserung der Ergebnisse und deren Interpretation wurde in den letzten Jahren durch die weiterführende Datenauswertung mit Hilfe von 3D-Rekonstruktionsrechnungen und der Kombination von Meßdaten durch Datenfusion erreicht. Die Anwendung der Verfahren mit automatisierter Meßwerterfassung wird für Fahrbahnplatten und Hohlkastenstege dargestellt und diskutiert. Ergebnisse einer Meßunsicherheitsbetrachtung und deren Bedeutung werden an einer Fundamentplatte aufgezeigt.
Translated Abstract
Automated Non-Destructive Assessment of Bridges
Non-destructive test methods in civil engineering are increasingly used for large-area investigations of structures. The test methods ultrasonic-echo, impact-echo and radar are well suited for detailed investigations of pre-stressed areas at pt-concrete structures. A significant improvement of the results and their interpretations has been achieved in recent years using advanced data analysis procedures such as 3D-reconstructions and the fusion of data. The automated application of the methods has been carried out successfully at decks and webs of pre-stressed box girder bridges. The achieved results are discussed in detail. The measurement uncertainty and its importance for the results are presented considering as example a foundation slab.