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Kreislauf von Ressourcen
(2013)
Die Materialflüsse in Industriegesellschaften sind von enormer Größe. Im Jahr 2008 betrug der direkte Materialeinsatz (direct material input, DMI) (Czichos et al., 2008) in Deutschland 1687 Millionen Tonnen (Daten von destatis, 2010). Dazu gehören Energieträger (Kohle, Öl, Gas), Erze, Baumaterialien, Industrieminerale und Biomasse. Knapp 36 % davon (605 Millionen t) werden importiert. Mit zu berücksichtigen sind bei den Materialflüssen auch die nicht verwerteten Rohstoffentnahmen (z.B. Abraum im Bergbau, Bodenaushub, Bergematerial, Verbleib von Holzabfallen im Wald), die sich für die inländische Rohstoflentnahme auf 2229 Millionen Tonnen beliefen. Die nicht verwerteten Rohstoffentnahmen bei den Importen sind mehr als der Faktor 4 höher (2543 Millionen t) (Buyny et al., 2009).
Auf der Outputseite geht von diesen riesigen Mengen der größere Anteil in den Bestand (net addition to stock, 637 Millionen t), der nächst größere Anteil in den Export (388 Mt). Immerhin 256 Millionen Tonnen werden durch dissipative Nutzung in der Umwelt verteilt. Die Bilanz geht auf, wenn man Gase auf der Inputseite und Emissionen in die Atmosphäre auf der Outputseite (Verbrennung von fossilen Rohstoffen zu CO2 und Wasser) berücksichtigt. An diesen Zahlen erkennt man, dass Ressourcen nur in beschränkten Maß im Kreislauf geführt werden, sonst wäre der Zuwachs zum urbanen Lager nicht so groß.
Die neue VDI Richtlinie 3925 stellt Bewertungswerkzeuge vor, die es erlauben, ökologische, ökonomische und inzwischen auch soziale Aspekte und Auswirkungen verschiedener Abfallbehandlungsverfahren miteinander zu vergleichen. Die Richtlinie verfolgt das Ziel, die Anwendung von geeigneten wissenschaftlich-technischen Bewertungsmethoden auf abfallwirtschaftliche Fragen zu beschreiben. Die Methoden, deren Einsatz, Anwendung, Komplexität, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen werden anhand von Praxisbeispielen erläutert.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The new VDI guideline 3925 presents assessment tools for the comparison of economic, ecological and also social aspects of different waste treatment processes. Objective of the guideline is to describe the application of suitable scientific and technical assessment methods to waste management strategies. The methods, their applicability, complexity, opportunities and limits are illustrated using practical examples.
Werkstoffe
(2012)
Glossary Biomineralization A process by which living organisms produce minerals. - Chernobyl Ukrainian city site of the largest nuclear power plant accident in history. - Cut-off-wall Underground structure designed to prevent the flow of water. - DART Deep aquifer remediation tool. - Diffusion Movement of ions and molecules from places of higher concentration to places of lower concentration. - Electrochemical remediation Remediation technologies comprising electrochemical transport and transformation methods. - Electrokinetic screens Structures used to prevent radionuclides from diffusing from the polluted area into the environment. - Electromigration Transport of charged ions or ion complexes in solution. - Electroosmosis Movement of liquid relative to a charged stationary surface, - Electrophoresis Movement of charged particles relative to a stationary fluid. - Enhanced electrochemical remediation Use of pH control and additives to improve removal efficiency. - EURT East Urals Radioactive Trail area contaminated due to a nuclear accident. - Natural attenuation (NA) Remediation relying entirely on natural processes. - Permeable reactive barriers Passive in situ treatment zones of reactive material that degrades or immobilizes contaminants as groundwater flows through it. - Phytoremediation Soil remediation using living plants and their associated microorganisms. - Radionuclide or radioisotope An atom with an unstable nucleus whose excess energy is available to be imparted to a newly-created radiation particle within the nucleus or to an atomic electron. - Total material requirement (TMR) Sum of domestic and imported primary natural resources and their hidden flows.
In absehbarer Zeit werden CE-gekennzeichnete Geovliesstoffe, Geogewebe, geosynthetische Dränelemente und Geogitter aus Kunststoff erhältlich sein, bei denen die CE-Leistungserklärung den Hinweis enthält 'dauerhaft für bis zu 100 Jahre' oder sogar 'dauerhaft für mindestens 100 Jahre'. Hersteller, Bauherren, Planer und zuständige Behörden werden sich daher die Frage stellen, ob diese Produkte auf der Grundlage von Anhang 1 Nummer 2.1 Satz 7 Ziffer 1 der Deponieverordnung (DepV) im Deponiebau auch ohne Zulassung verwendet werden dürfen. Ein Vergleich der europäisch harmonisierten Bauproduktnormen DIN EN 13252 und DIN EN 13257, die der CE-Kennzeichnung der Geotextilien und geotextilverwandten Produkte zugrunde liegen, mit den Anforderungen der DepV zeigt nun aber, dass nur ein Teil der für den Deponiebau wesentlichen technischen Eigenschaften in diesen Normen erfasst werden. Daher sind für CE gekennzeichnete Produkte zusätzliche Prüfungen auf der Grundlage der DepV-Liste der Kriterien und Einwirkmechanismen erforderlich. Die in den Produktnormen beschriebene Qualitätssicherung ist nach Anhang 1 Nummer 2 Satz 14 ff der DepV ebenfalls für die Gleichwertigkeit nicht ausreichend. Eine CE-Kennzeichnung ist deshalb noch kein Nachweis, dass die Produkte dem Stand der Technik nach der DepV entsprechen und die Eigenschaften der Produkte den geforderten Eigenschaften im Wesentlichen gleichwertig sind, auch wenn mit Bezug auf den Anhang B der genannten Normen deren Dauerhaftigkeit für 100 Jahre vom Hersteller deklariert wird.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the near future, CE-marked woven and nonwoven geotextiles, geocomposite drains and geogrids will be available on the market, whose declaration of performance will contain the qualification 'predicted service life up to 100 years' or even 'predicted service life minimum 100 years'. Manufacturer, principals and their design engineers as well as the responsible authorities will have to deal with the question, whether such products can be used on the basis of Annex 1, no. 2.1, sentence 7, cipher 1 of the German landfill ordinance (DepV) as components of landfill liner and capping systems. A comparison of the harmonized European standards hEN 13252 and 13257, on which the CE-marking of geotextiles and geotextile-related products is based, with the DepV, shows that only a few of the essential technical characteristics actually relevant for landfill constructions are considered in these standards. Therefore, additional tests based on the DepV-list of criteria and mechanisms of action are necessary for CE-marked products. Requirements on quality managements in the hEN are likewise not adequate for essential equivalence with respect to annex 1, No. 2.1, sentence 14 ff, DepV. Therefore, CE-marking is actually no proof of the fulfilment of the state of the techno logy according to the DepV and of the essential equivalence of product properties to the required properties, albeit the declaration of performance indicates a predicted service life of 100 years.
In den Rückständen thermischer Verfahren sind als Folge des Verbrennungsprozesses Metalle sowohl in elementarer wie auch in chemisch gebundener Form enthalten. Früher wurde Eisenschrott vor allem deshalb mit Magneten abgetrennt, weil sonst die Verwertung als Baustoff erschwert war. Nichteisen-Metalle – bei Rostasche aus einer Müllverbrennungsanlage (MVA) sind dies hauptsächlich Kupfer und Aluminium – können mit der Wirbelstromtechnik abgetrennt werden. Auf diese Weise sinken auch die Gehalte an umweltrelevanten Schwermetallen. Allerdings werden die kleinen Korngrößen und die chemisch gebundenen Metallen (etwa Oxide oder Carbonate) bisher in der Aufbereitung nicht erfasst. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die verfahrenstechnische Potenziale aufgezeigt, mit denen die Metallausbeute erhöht werden kann.
The standard is intended to offer participants in waste management planning such as authorities, decision makers and planners, including the critical public, the possibility to learn about evaluation methods as planning instruments and place them in the context of planning decisions.
The standard should help those who use it to formulate transparent decisions for the application of particular waste treatment and recovery methods in the scope of integrated waste management, thus reaching a documented decision under consideration of the system boundaries and life cycle inventories of the respective methods.
Abfallrecht
(2000)
Improving resource efficiency at the end-of-life stage is illustrated in this paper by the example of materials recovery from waste, here from residues out of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). With mechanical treatment valuable materials like ferrous and non-ferrous metals and secondary construction material can be extracted from MSWI bottom ash. The potential contribution on the resource efficiency will be discussed.
Background: An Annex XV restriction dossier for cadmium in artists’ paints was submitted by an EU member state to the European Chemicals Agency ECHA. By cleaning used brushes under the tap cadmium can enter the food chain via waste water treatment and subsequent agricultural application of the sewage sludge. It was estimated that 110 kg Cd per year is spread on agricultural land via this exposure route. Other sources of Cd amount to almost 120 tons per year.
Results: The mobility of Cd from pigments was studied in a field-like scenario by leaching experiments using soil samples amended with sewage sludge and spiked with Cd pigments in percolation columns. The redox conditions were confirmed to be the decisive factor for the release of Cd. The release of Cd from artists’ paints was in most cases 1% or lower in the experiments performed.
Conclusions: Application of sewage sludge containing Cd from artist paints does not increase the amount of Cd leached from this soils. Furthermore the quantity of Cd from artists’ paints calculated in the restriction dossier is negligible compared to other sources of Cd to agricultural soil. Therefore ECHA did not consider the proposed restriction to be the most appropriate EU wide measure to address the negligible level of risk.
Here, we report a comparative study of different sum parameter analysis methods for the extraction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from manufactured consumer products, which can be measured by combustion ion chromatography (CIC). Therefore, a hydrolysis-based extraction method was further developed, which accounts for the addition of hydrolyzable covalently bound polyfluoroalkylated side-chain polymers (SFPs) to the extractable organic fluorine portion of the mass balance proposed as "hydrolyzable organically bound fluorine" (HOF). To test this hypothesis, the method was applied to 39 different consumer products containing fluoropolymers or monomeric PFAS taken from four different categories: outdoor textiles, paper packaging, carpeting, and permanent baking sheets. We also evaluated the method's efficiency by extracting four synthesized fluorotelomer polyacrylate reference compounds. The total fluorine (TF) and extractable organically bound fluorine (EOF) values were measured through CIC using established protocols. The TF values ranged from sub-ppb to %-levels, depending on the compound class. All samples showed results for hydrolyzed organofluorine (HOF) between 0.03 and 76.3 μg/g, while most EOF values were lower (<LOD to 58.1 μg/g). Moreover, the methods were contrasted with the "total hydrolyzable precursor" (THP) assay analyzed using gas-chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which yielded concentrations of 6:2–10:2 fluorotelomer alcohols (<LOD-568 μg/g) for textile and paper samples. Furthermore, targeted analytical investigation of 25 compounds via liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was conducted and accounted for significantly lower sum amounts (<LOD-0.98 μg PFAS/g). To estimate the fluorine mass balance of all methods, the fluorine levels of target analytical data were calculated and compared to the sum parameter values and evaluated. Finally, the efficiency of the extraction method was approximated by the recovery analysis of four selected SFP model compounds compared to their TF values, yielding 36.7–74.0% after extraction and 3.8–36.3% after processing the extract for the HOF sum parameter.
The use of ashes from municipal solid waste incineration as secondary building materials is an important pillar for the circular economy in Germany. However, leaching of potential toxic elements from these materials must be at environmentally acceptable levels. Normally, a three-month ageing period immobilizes most hazardous heavy metals, but antimony (Sb) and vanadium (V) showed previously unusual leaching. In order to clarify the mechanisms, we analyzed the Sb and V species in various bottom and fly ashes from municipal waste incineration by XANES spectroscopy. Antimony oxidizes from Sb(+ III) species used as flame retardants in plastics to Sb(+ V) compounds during waste incineration. However, owing to the similarity of different Sb(+ V) compound in the Sb K- and L-edge XANES spectra, it was not possible to accurately identify an exact Sb(+ V) species. Moreover, V is mainly present as oxidation state + V compound in the analyzed ashes. However, the coarse and magnetic fraction of the bottom ashes contain larger amounts of V(+ III) and V(+ IV) compounds which might enter the waste incineration from vanadium carbide containing steel tools. Thus, Sb and V could be critical potential toxic elements in secondary building materials and long-term monitoring of the release should be taken into account in the future.
Sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are produced in huge amounts at municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTP) all around the world and have become an issue for many urbanized areas. To deal with this unceasing mass flow in an ecologically and economically responsible way a comprehensive chemical and structural characterization of all types of SSA is needed. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is one of the most promising analytical methods for this task. Although, there has been ample chemical evidence showing that many SSA contain aluminium phosphate as a major component up to now no aluminium phosphate or aluminium-rich mixed phosphate phase has been reported to be identified by XRD in a SSA produced at a mono-incineration facility. The outcome of the present com-bined XRD and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation provides comprehensive evidence closing this gap for the first time.
Over the past two decades, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have emerged as worldwide environmental contaminants, calling out for sophisticated treatment, decomposition and remediation strategies. In order to mineralize PFAS pollutants, the incineration of contaminated material is a state-of-the-art process, but more cost-effective and sustainable technologies are inevitable for the future. Within this review, various methods for the reductive defluorination of PFASs were inspected. In addition to this, the role of mechanochemistry is highlighted with regard to its major potential in reductive defluorination reactions and degradation of pollutants. In order to get a comprehensive understanding of the involved reactions, their mechanistic pathways are pointed out. Comparisons between existing PFAS decomposition reactions and reductive approaches are discussed in detail, regarding their applicability in possible remediation processes. This article provides a solid overview of the most recent research methods and offers guidelines for future research directions.
In this study, we compare combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS) with respect to their applicability for determining organically Bound fluorine sum parameters. Extractable (EOF) and adsorbable (AOF) organically bound fluorine as well as total fluorine (TF) were measured in samples fromriver Spree in Berlin, Germany, to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of the two techniques used as well as the two established fluorine sum Parameters AOF and EOF. TF concentrations determined via HR-CS-GFMAS and CIC were comparable between 148 and 270 μg/L. On average, AOF concentrations were higher than EOF concentrations, with AOF making up 0.14–0.81% of TF (determined using CIC) and EOF 0.04–0.28% of TF (determined using HR-CSGFMAS).
The results obtained by the two independent methods were in good agreement. It turned out that HR-CS-GFMAS is a more sensitive and precise method for fluorine analysis compared to CIC. EOF and AOF are comparable tools in Risk evaluation for the emerging pollutants per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances; however, EOF is much faster to conduct.