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- Rheology (6)
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- DFG SPP 2005 (2)
- Fließmittel (2)
- Plastic viscosity (2)
- Polycarboxylate ether (2)
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This paper presents the results of an interlaboratory study of the rheological properties of cement paste and ultrasound gel as reference substance. The goal was to quantify the comparability and reproducibility of measurements of the Bingham parameters yield stress and plastic viscosity when measured on one specific paste composition and one particular ultrasound gel in different laboratories using different rheometers and measurement geometries.
The procedures for both in preparing the cement paste and carrying out the rheological measurements on cement paste and ultrasound gel were carefully defined for all of the study’s participants. Different conversion schemes for comparing the results obtained with the different measurement setups are presented here and critically discussed. The procedure proposed in this paper ensured a reasonable comparability of the results with a coefficient of variation for the yield stress of 27% and for the plastic viscosity of 24%, despite the individual measurement series’ having been performed in different labs with different rheometers and measurement geometries.
The interaction of different charged polymers, namely anionic polycarboxylate
superplasticizer (PCE) and neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG) with potassium ions, and their effect on the yield stress of highly concentrated glass bead suspension (GBS), were studied under different concentrations of potassium ions ([K+]). It was found that, compared to the neutral PEG, the negatively charged PCE can be adsorbed on glass beads (GB), and then decreases the yield stress of GBS. The increasing concentration of free polymer in the interstitial liquid phase with the increased polymer dosage leads to the higher yield stress of GBS, which may be caused by the higher Depletion force. In addition, this effect is also related to the charge density of the polymer and the [K+] in the solution. Along with the increase in [K+], the yield stress of GBS increases significantly with the addition of PCE, but this cannot be observed with PEG, which indicates that potassium ions can interact with negatively charged PCE instead of the neutral PEG. At last, the interparticle Forces between two single GB with adsorbed PCE in solutions containing [K+] and PCE were measured by colloidal probe atomic force microscopy to better understand the interaction of the charged polymer with counterions.
Two types of cements were selected as the reference cement in the priority program 2005 of the German Research Foundation (DFG SPP 2005). A thorough characterization of CEM I 42.5 R has been made in a recent publication. In this paper, the characterization data of the other reference cement CEM III/A 42.5 N are presented from the aspects of chemical and mineralogical compositions as well as physical and chemical properties. The characterization data of the slag, which is the second main constituent of this specific cement besides the clinker, are presented independently. For all data received, the mean values and the corresponding errors were calculated. The data shall be used for the ongoing research within the priority program. Also, researchers from outside this priority program can benefit from these data if the same materials are used.
Special applications like pumping, spraying or printing of concrete require the precise adjustment of very specific rheological properties at different time steps during the casting process. Superplasticizers such as polycarboxylate ethers (PCE) can be used to obtain the required flowability, which, possibly in combination with additional rheology modifying admixtures, generate the required specified consistency. However, after the application, the concrete should change the rheological properties immediately in order to avoid deformations at rest. Therefore, the use of accelerators can be effective. Accelerators influence the hydration of cementitious materials, and thus the rheological properties over the course of time and the setting.
In this paper, the influence of different accelerators on the rheology and early hydration of cement paste as well as the interaction of accelerator and PCE are presented. Methods like rheometry, needle penetration tests and practical Tests like spread flow were applied. The used accelerators showed accelerating behavior on the cement pastes without and in the presence of PCE. At the same time an influence on the rheology could be observed. This effect was less in the mixes with PCE, especially at the highest water/cement ratio (w/c).
The flowability of cement paste is of great importance in today’s construction industry and is influenced by additives such as superplasticizers (SP). One type of SPs are polycarboxylate ether type SPs. These additives electrostatically bind with the negatively charged carboxylic groups at the backbone to the positively charged clinker phases.
To model positively charged clinker phases with adsorbed SP, silicon Wafers are pre-coated with cationic polyethylenimine (PEI) and SP is adsorbed onto the coated surface (Si/PEI/SP). Two different polycarboxylate ether type (PCE) SP are compared – one for ready-mix concrete and one for precast concrete. In this preliminary study the interaction forces between Si/PEI/SP surface and a silica microsphere (colloidal probe) are investigated under mild physico-chemical conditions (pH *6, ion concentration <10−5 M) using Colloidal Probe Atomic Force Microscopy (CP-AFM).
The interaction force between the model surfaces is attractive for low concentration of SP. The force changes from attractive to repulsive by increasing amount of SP. The force upon approach reveals a biexponential behavior. The exponential decay at large and short surface separations are attributed to electrostatic and steric interactions, respectively. The steric forces of the SP for ready-mix concrete show a steeper onset than the SP for precast concrete.
The quantification of these interaction forces will be compared to rheological measurements of similar systems. Furthermore, the parameters will be changed to better approach the conditions in real systems, i.e. higher pH and ionic strength. This helps to understand how the forces on the nanoscale influence the macroscopic rheology.
Properties of interstitial liquid phase in cement paste, including the species and concentrations of polymers and ion etc., play an important role for the rheological properties of cementitious materials. In order to better understand their effect, an inert model substance, spherical silica beads (SBs) with defined surface and granulometry were used in the presence of electrolytes (CaCl2) and/or different polymers, including polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). It was found the presence of Ca2+ greatly increases the viscosity and yield stress of silica beads paste (SBP), which is proportional to the [Ca2+]. For the effect of PCE, the addition of PCE is beneficial to the flowability of SBP, but a high dosage of PCE leads to a reversal effect. Furthermore, the yield stress firstly increases and then decreases with increasing [Ca2+] under the same dosage of PCE. The addition of PEG always increases the yield stress of SBP, regardless of the ion concentration and the presence or not of PCE.
A thorough characterization of starting materials is the precondition for further research, especially for cement, which contains various phases and presents quite a complex material for fundamental scientific investigation. In the paper at hand, the characterization data of the reference cement CEM I 42.5 R used within the priority program 2005 of the German Research Foundation (DFG SPP 2005) are presented from the aspects of chemical and mineralogical compositions as well as physical and chemical properties. The data were collected based on tests conducted by nine research groups involved in this cooperative program. For all data received, the mean values and the corresponding errors were calculated. The results shall be used for the ongoing research within the priority program.
In the last years flowable concrete has become increasingly important in applications such as, for systems with highly reinforced concrete with a complicated formwork, or sprayed concrete and 3D-printing of concrete. For all these applications it is necessary to have tailored rheological properties. Rheology can be described by values of yield stress and plastic viscosity, which can be determined for example by evaluation of rheometer measurements. But for different materials various rheometers with different geometries and stirrers are being used. To see the effects from paste in concrete, it is necessary to investigate mixes of paste, mortar and concrete, stepwise. But currently there exists no device, which is calibrated for these different systems at once. Due to this fact, conventional tests such as V-funnel efflux-time and flow diameter were determined, as well as rheometer data in different cell sizes and geometries.
In this study the assessment of rheological effects in the binder on the rheology of mortar and concrete was investigated by using combination of two rheometers.
With ongoing innovation in process technology, the challenges of concrete technology are more and more focused on the rheological optimisation for these processes, since improper mixture stability or poor compaction ability negatively affect the concrete homogeneity and quality. However, along with the increasing complexity of today’s concrete mixture compositions, concrete becomes more prone to failure regarding the casting process. Variable properties of the raw materials typically cause changing workability. The reasons can be found among others in scattering water contents, physical or chemical properties of the cement or varying environmental temperatures. Robustness in the delicately adjusted rheology, however, is of utmost importance for modern and future process technology, from sprayed concrete over pumpable concrete towards 3D-printing, with regard to the long-term strength, the function and the durability. Typically, material induced changes cannot be identified easily due to the complex interactions of concrete constituents. Therefore, a precise and prompt counteraction is impossible. However, it is known that the yield stress can be controlled by addition of supplementary superplasticizer or stabilising agent. In combination with computerized process observation tools that can rapidly interpret and react on changes in the rheology, it is therefore thinkable, that only these two admixture types can adjust the rheology steadily and permanently, regardless of the actual root cause for observed macroscopic rheology change. The presentation will firstly give a comprehensive overview of effects at the interface between pore solution, particles and hydrates, which affect the rheology of fresh concrete. Secondly, ways are recommended how the rheology can be actively manipulated before eventually computerized methods are demonstrated that help to actively and rapidly assess and counteract performance scatter during steady casting processes.
Die Rheologie von fließfähigen zementären Systemen mit Fließmitteln wird durch eine Vielzahl parallel stattfindender Effekte beeinflusst. Zu diesen Effekten zählen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Polymeren und Ionen in der Porenlösung, frühe Phasenbildung, zeitabhängige und kompetitive Adsorption zwischen anionischen Polymeren und Sulfationen, Bildung von Phasen in der Porenlösung sowie Morphologieänderungen an Partikeloberflächen. Die frühe Hydratation von Zement, die durch Lösungs- und Fällungsprozesse angetrieben wird, beeinflusst diese Effekte erheblich. Das permanente Ungleichgewicht der Porenlösung führt zu Veränderungen der Partikeloberflächen, welches widerum zur Folge hat, dass rheometrische Messungen dieser Zementleime anfällig für Streuungen sind. Um die Einflüsse aus der Zementhydratation zu minimieren, wurden die rheometrischen Untersuchungen mit Zement in Porenlösung durchgeführt. Die Experimente wurden mit verschiedenen Feststoffvolumenfraktionen durchgeführt und mit den Ergebnissen identischer Systeme mit Wasser anstelle von Porenlösung verglichen. Zusätzlich wurden die gleichen Systeme mit Zugabe von Polycarboxylatethern untersucht.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Leime mit Wasser niedrigere Werte für Fließgrenze und plastische Viskosität aufweisen, als die Systeme mit Porenlösung. Während die Polymere eine Verminderung der Fließgrenze zur Folge hatte, war die Wirkung von Polymeren auf die plastische Viskosität vernachlässigbar. Zusätzlich wurde die frühe Hydratation unter Verwendung von Wärmeflusskalorimetrie, Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Nadeleindringtiefe beobachtet.