Filtern
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (17)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (8)
- Buchkapitel (5)
- Vortrag (1)
Referierte Publikation
- nein (31) (entfernen)
Schlagworte
- Cement (11)
- Rheology (9)
- Superplasticizer (6)
- Cement hydration (4)
- Concrete (4)
- Polysaccharides (4)
- Hydration (3)
- Rheologie (3)
- Structural build-up (3)
- Bio-based concrete (2)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7.4 Baustofftechnologie (31) (entfernen)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (1)
With ongoing innovation in process technology, the challenges of concrete technology are more and more focused on the rheological optimisation for these processes, since improper mixture stability or poor compaction ability negatively affect the concrete homogeneity and quality. However, along with the increasing complexity of today’s concrete mixture compositions, concrete becomes more prone to failure regarding the casting process. Variable properties of the raw materials typically cause changing workability. The reasons can be found among others in scattering water contents, physical or chemical properties of the cement or varying environmental temperatures. Robustness in the delicately adjusted rheology, however, is of utmost importance for modern and future process technology, from sprayed concrete over pumpable concrete towards 3D-printing, with regard to the long-term strength, the function and the durability. Typically, material induced changes cannot be identified easily due to the complex interactions of concrete constituents. Therefore, a precise and prompt counteraction is impossible. However, it is known that the yield stress can be controlled by addition of supplementary superplasticizer or stabilising agent. In combination with computerized process observation tools that can rapidly interpret and react on changes in the rheology, it is therefore thinkable, that only these two admixture types can adjust the rheology steadily and permanently, regardless of the actual root cause for observed macroscopic rheology change. The presentation will firstly give a comprehensive overview of effects at the interface between pore solution, particles and hydrates, which affect the rheology of fresh concrete. Secondly, ways are recommended how the rheology can be actively manipulated before eventually computerized methods are demonstrated that help to actively and rapidly assess and counteract performance scatter during steady casting processes.
The African cement, concrete and construction business is growing at rapid pace. The cement sales are expected to grow rapidly until 2050. The number of newly built cement plants increases dramatically and in addition more cements are being imported from outside the continent, e.g. from Turkey, Pakistan, Indonesia, and China, driven by overcapacities in the countries of origin. This causes a high number of potentials and challenges at the same time. Newly built cement plants can operate directly at best technological state of the art and thus incorporate more sustainable technologies as well as produce new and more sustainable products such as cements blended with sustainable supplementary cementitious materials such as calcined clays, and industrial or agricultural by products. At the same time the new variety of binding agent as well as the international imports, which are driven by price considerations, make the cement market prone to quality scatter. This puts pressure on the quality control regulations and institutions to ensure safety of construction, healthy application, and environmental safety for the population. The paper presents possible solutions to build up the rapidly increasing African cement production more sustainably than in the rest of the world as well as the related challenges and obstacles that need to be overcome. Based on experiences with a series of pan-African cement testing laboratory proficiency schemes conclusions are made on technical, regulative and political level.
In order to observe the effect of the aggregate phases between 2 mm and 16 mm without overlap with rheological effects induced by the cement hy-dration and without interactions with a threshold fine sand particle size that affects both, paste and aggregates, rheological experiments were conducted on a limestone filler based paste mixed with aggregates up to 16 mm. Vari-ous aggregate fractions were blended and mixed with the replacement paste in different volumetric ratios.
The dry aggregates’ flow coefficients were determined and compared to yield stress and plastic viscosity values at different aggregate volume fractions. The results indicated that the flow coefficient is not a suitable parameter to predict the performance of the aggregates in the paste. It was shown that the yield stress of pastes is largely determined by the blend of different aggregate fractions, while the plastic viscosity to large extend depends upon the coars-est aggregate fraction.
Based on the results, ideal aggregate composition ranges for minimised yield stress are presented. For the plastic viscosity no such grading curves to achieve minimum values could be found, but high viscosity curves are identified.
In the last years flowable concrete has become increasingly important in applications such as, for systems with highly reinforced concrete with a complicated formwork, or sprayed concrete and 3D-printing of concrete. For all these applications it is necessary to have tailored rheological properties. Rheology can be described by values of yield stress and plastic viscosity, which can be determined for example by evaluation of rheometer measurements. But for different materials various rheometers with different geometries and stirrers are being used. To see the effects from paste in concrete, it is necessary to investigate mixes of paste, mortar and concrete, stepwise. But currently there exists no device, which is calibrated for these different systems at once. Due to this fact, conventional tests such as V-funnel efflux-time and flow diameter were determined, as well as rheometer data in different cell sizes and geometries.
In this study the assessment of rheological effects in the binder on the rheology of mortar and concrete was investigated by using combination of two rheometers.
The presence of polycarboxylate ether (PCE) based superplasticizers (SPs) has enormous influence on the early hydration of cement. C3A as the most reactive phase of Portland cement plays a significant role in early hydration reactions and affects the rheological performance. Therefore, this paper presents experimental results about the influence of delayed addition of PCEs on the Hydration of cement and C3A-gypsum pastes investigated by isothermal heat flow calorimetry. Complementary in-situ XRD was carried out on C3A pastes to analyze hydration and phase changes related to the addition of PCE.
Cement pastes with a delayed addition of PCE showed less Retardation compared to simultaneous addition. The alteration caused by PCE is much more pronounced for C3A-gypsum mixes. With a delayed addition of SP, the hydration of C3A is less retarded or even accelerated. It is obvious that there is less retardation the later the addition of SP. Furthermore, the PCE alter the hydration of C3A when added delayed and exhibit changes in kinetics and hydration rates. XRD results showed that more C3A is dissolved in the presence of PCE. Also, the gypsum depletion occurs earlier in the presence of PCE and even faster with delayed addition. Without PCE AFm starts to form just after the gypsum depletion. However, in the presence of PCE AFm already starts to form at the beginning of the hydration. Due to the faster gypsum depletion in the presence of PCE, also the transformation from ettringite into AFm begins earlier, but takes longer as without SP.
The flowability of cement paste is of great importance in today’s construction industry and is influenced by additives such as superplasticizers (SP). One type of SPs are polycarboxylate ether type SPs. These additives electrostatically bind with the negatively charged carboxylic groups at the backbone to the positively charged clinker phases.
To model positively charged clinker phases with adsorbed SP, silicon Wafers are pre-coated with cationic polyethylenimine (PEI) and SP is adsorbed onto the coated surface (Si/PEI/SP). Two different polycarboxylate ether type (PCE) SP are compared – one for ready-mix concrete and one for precast concrete. In this preliminary study the interaction forces between Si/PEI/SP surface and a silica microsphere (colloidal probe) are investigated under mild physico-chemical conditions (pH *6, ion concentration <10−5 M) using Colloidal Probe Atomic Force Microscopy (CP-AFM).
The interaction force between the model surfaces is attractive for low concentration of SP. The force changes from attractive to repulsive by increasing amount of SP. The force upon approach reveals a biexponential behavior. The exponential decay at large and short surface separations are attributed to electrostatic and steric interactions, respectively. The steric forces of the SP for ready-mix concrete show a steeper onset than the SP for precast concrete.
The quantification of these interaction forces will be compared to rheological measurements of similar systems. Furthermore, the parameters will be changed to better approach the conditions in real systems, i.e. higher pH and ionic strength. This helps to understand how the forces on the nanoscale influence the macroscopic rheology.
Properties of interstitial liquid phase in cement paste, including the species and concentrations of polymers and ion etc., play an important role for the rheological properties of cementitious materials. In order to better understand their effect, an inert model substance, spherical silica beads (SBs) with defined surface and granulometry were used in the presence of electrolytes (CaCl2) and/or different polymers, including polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). It was found the presence of Ca2+ greatly increases the viscosity and yield stress of silica beads paste (SBP), which is proportional to the [Ca2+]. For the effect of PCE, the addition of PCE is beneficial to the flowability of SBP, but a high dosage of PCE leads to a reversal effect. Furthermore, the yield stress firstly increases and then decreases with increasing [Ca2+] under the same dosage of PCE. The addition of PEG always increases the yield stress of SBP, regardless of the ion concentration and the presence or not of PCE.
Special applications like pumping, spraying or printing of concrete require the precise adjustment of very specific rheological properties at different time steps during the casting process. Superplasticizers such as polycarboxylate ethers (PCE) can be used to obtain the required flowability, which, possibly in combination with additional rheology modifying admixtures, generate the required specified consistency. However, after the application, the concrete should change the rheological properties immediately in order to avoid deformations at rest. Therefore, the use of accelerators can be effective. Accelerators influence the hydration of cementitious materials, and thus the rheological properties over the course of time and the setting.
In this paper, the influence of different accelerators on the rheology and early hydration of cement paste as well as the interaction of accelerator and PCE are presented. Methods like rheometry, needle penetration tests and practical Tests like spread flow were applied. The used accelerators showed accelerating behavior on the cement pastes without and in the presence of PCE. At the same time an influence on the rheology could be observed. This effect was less in the mixes with PCE, especially at the highest water/cement ratio (w/c).
Organic/inorganic mixtures were prepared from ordinary Portland cement (OPC), water (w/c 0.22), a fluorescent dye in aqueous solution (stable at alkaline pH; BAM-I), and two different comb shape polycarboxylates (PCEs), i.e., high charge (PCE-HC) and low charge (PCE-LC), respectively. Rheological and calorimetric measurements were performed prior to optical studies in order to select PCE concentrations. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of the system OPC + BAM-I (CBAM-I) revealed maxima of dye BAM-I located at 645 nm and 663 nm, respectively. In presence of PCE-HC and PCE-LC, these mixtures displayed a small red shift in reflectance and a faster decrease in intensity compared to studies with CBAM-I; however, only slight differences were observed between the different PCEs. With time, all systems exhibited a decrease in intensity of BAM-I in absorption/reflectance and emission. This could be caused by dye adsorption and possibly decomposition when in contact with cement particles or hydration products.
Grouts have numerous applications in construction industry such as joint sealing, structural repair, and connections in precast elements. They are particularly favoured in rehabilitation of structures due to penetrability and convenience of application. Grouts for repair applications typically require high-performance properties such as rapid strength development and superior shrinkage characteristics. Sometimes industrial by-products referred as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) are used with neat cement due to their capabilities to provide binding properties at delayed stage. Micro silica, fly ash and metakaolin are such SCMs, those can modify and improve properties of cement products. This study aims at investigating long-term mass loss and linear shrinkage along with long-term compressive and flexural strength for grouts produced from ultrafine cement and SCMs. A series of mixtures were formulated to observe the effect of SCMs on these grout properties. Properties were determined after 365 days of curing at 23oC and 55% relative humidity. The effect of SCMs on the properties are characterised by statistical models. Response surfaces were constructed to quantify these properties in relation to SCMs replacement. The results suggested that shrinkage was reduced by metakaolin, while micro silica and fly ash had positive effects on compressive and flexural strength, respectively.