Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
- 2014 (10) (entfernen)
Dokumenttyp
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (4)
- Zeitschriftenartikel (3)
- Vortrag (3)
Schlagworte
- Dust explosion (2)
- Explosion protection (2)
- Nanostäube (2)
- Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen (2)
- Biomass storage (1)
- Brand- und Explosionsschutz (1)
- CFD (1)
- Dispersion (1)
- Dust concentration measurement (1)
- Dust explosion protection (1)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (3)
Validation of the New Ignition Source "Exploding Wire" for Dust Explosion Testing in the 20-l-Sphere
(2014)
Wie man Brand- und Explosionsgefahren durch Stäube/chemische Verbindungen einschätzt und begegnet
(2014)
Measurement and numerical simulation of local dust concentrations over time in a vessel can only be done with some uncertainty due to the complexity of the behavior of dust/air mixtures. Dust concentration was measured in a 50 m³ vessel and compared to simulations with a commercial CFD code. A 50 m³ silo was used with two different filling methods. In one setup dust was conveyed with pneumatic filling at the top. The other filling was done with pressurized air and a homogenous injection via eight nozzles. Experiments were repeated three to four times with two kinds of dusts and the results were used to evaluate reproducibility of dust concentration measurements over time in a vessel depending on the filling method. Dust concentrations over time varied up to 30% from the average for homogenous injection and even more for pneumatic filling.
Numerical investigations were done with maize starch. Measured concentrations were compared to simulated ones with the commercial CFD code ANSYS CFX R14 using an Euler/Lagrange approach. Drag force, turbulent dispersion force, particle size distribution, particle surface area and particle/particle interaction were modeled. A general agreement of measurement and simulation was achieved. Numerical simulations of filling processes were used to predict parts of the vessel where the lower explosion limit is reached and exceeded. This could help to improve dust explosion protection, if it is used to find configurations where the dust concentration exceeds the lower explosion limit only in small parts of the vessel during filling, e.g. using different injection points or injection angles. The volume where LEL is reached or exceeded in a 50 m³ silo is shown for pneumatic and homogenous filling. Volume of combustible atmosphere in the vessel over time is compared for two pneumatic filling configurations and one worst-case homogenous injection configuration.
Nanotechnologie gilt als die Wachstumsbranche der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Nicht zuletzt ist diese Entwicklung den veränderten Eigenschaften der Materialien im Nanometerbereich zuzuschreiben. Das anders geartete Verhalten solcher Stoffe und die daraus ableitbare Unkenntnis über die Interaktion dieser Materialien mit ihrer Umgebung erfordert zur Risikoabschätzung eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik. Aufgrund von Erfahrungen mit Stäuben mit Partikelgrößen im Mikrometerbereich ist bekannt, dass Stoffe mit abnehmender Partikelgröße kritischer einzustufen sind, da ihre Explosionsheftigkeit und Zündempfindlichkeit durch die Zunahme der reaktiven Oberfläche des Staubs zunimmt. Nachfolgend werden Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit nanoskalig hergestellten Metallstäuben präsentiert. Der Fokus dieser Studie lag darauf, möglichst das kritischste Brand- und Explosionsverhalten solcher Stäube zu erfassen
This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, .iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental Setup for the test apparatus 20-L sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively.
This paper describes experiences and results of experiments with several metallic dusts within the nanometer range. The nano dusts (aluminium, iron, zinc, titanium and copper) were tested in a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20 L-sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was already introduced in earlier papers by the authors. It was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). Furthermore the influence of passivation on explosion behaviour is investigated and additional tests with deposited dust were carried out to describe the burning behaviour of all dusts. For a better characterisation all samples were tested with a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). To minimise the influence of oxidation all samples were handled at inert conditions until shortly before ignition or start of the test respectively.
Nanotechnologie gilt als die Wachstumsbranche der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Nicht zuletzt ist diese Entwicklung den veränderten Eigenschaften der Materialien im Nanometerbereich zuzuschreiben. Das anders geartete Verhalten solcher Stoffe und die daraus ableitbare Unkenntnis über die Interaktion dieser Materialien mit ihrer Umgebung erfordert zur Risikoabschätzung eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik. Aufgrund von Erfahrungen mit Stäuben mit Partikelgrößen im Mikrometerbereich ist bekannt, dass Stoffe mit abnehmender Partikelgröße kritischer einzustufen sind, da ihre Explosionsheftigkeit und Zündempfindlichkeit durch die Zunahme der reaktiven Oberfläche des Staubs zunimmt. Nachfolgend werden Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit nanoskalig hergestellten Metallstäuben präsentiert. Der Fokus dieser Studie lag darauf, möglichst das kritischste Brand- und Explosionsverhalten solcher Stäube zu erfassen.
Validation of the new ignition source 'exploding wire' for dust explosion testing in the 20-L-sphere
(2014)
The safety characteristics Maximum Explosion Pressure pniB, Maximum Explosion Pressure Rise (dp/dt)™* and Lower Explosion Limit LEL are determined in closed vessels such as the 20-L-sphere according to international Standards. Dust ignition is carried out using pyrotechnical igniters which are defined in the Standards. Due to various disadvantages of pyrotechnical igniters the need for alternative ignition sources arises again and again. Studies at the Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM) with ignition units which were able to generate ignition energies up to 2000 J showed that the so-called “exploding wire” or “fuse wire“ is suitable as an alternative ignition source. The paper presents further test results for the Validation of the exploding wire for the determination of Pm» and (dp/dt)mx in the 20-L-sphere. The tests were performed with a new ignition unit and improved electrodes which allowed ignition energies up to 10000 J. The paper also analyses propagation of flame and electrical arc on basis of high speed camera recordings. Turbulence measurements with a LDA System in the 20-L-sphere allowed investigation whether the activation of the ignition sources has an influence on the turbulence field generated during dust dispersion and whether the influence differs depending on the ignition source.
Miscanthus x Giganteus (Miscanthus) energy crop was examined at laboratory scale to assess its self-heating and self-ignition risks during storage. Chipped Miscanthus (18 mm) from February and March harvests, in 2012, were assessed as well as ground Miscanthus (3 mm) from the March harvest. February and March crops had moisture contents of 41.6 and 20.2%, respectively. Self-ignition temperatures were independent of moisture although moisture did affect the time from the beginning of storage until storage temperature was reached. Ground Miscanthus had lower self-ignition temperatures than chipped Miscanthus. Isothermal respirometric tests carried out showed increase risk of self-heating in the February crop compared to the March crop due to increased microbial activity. Numerical simulations were used to determine critical enhanced start temperatures, e.g. caused by microbial decomposition, of the stored Miscanthus. Safe storage conditions have been derived from the investigations. The numerical simulations demonstrated that self-ignition was possible in Miscanthus chip piles with a height greater than 6 m if there was significant heat release from microbiological activity. Reliable assessment of self-heating and self-ignition risks in large scale Miscanthus energy crop clamps or piles are required to prevent losses due to decomposition and fire damage.