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High-strength structural steels are used in machine, steel, and crane construction with yield strength up to 960 MPa. However, welding of these steels requires profound knowledge of three factors in terms of avoidance of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC): the interaction of microstructure, local stress/strain, and local hydrogen concentration. In addition to the three main factors, the used arc process is also important for the performance of the welded joint. In the past, the conventional transitional arc process (Conv. A) was mainly used for welding of high-strength steel grades. In the past decade, the so-called modified spray arc process (Mod. SA) has been increasingly used for welding production. This modified process enables reduced seam opening angles with increased deposition rates compared with the Conv. A. Economic benefits of using this arc type are a reduction of necessary weld beads and required filler material. In the present study, the susceptibility to HAC in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the high-strength structural steel S960QL was investigated with the externally loaded implant test. For that purpose, both Conv. A and Mod. SA were used with same heat input at different deposition rates. Both conducted test series showed same embrittlement index “EI” of 0.21 at diffusible hydrogen concentrations of 1.3 to 1.6 ml/100 g of arc weld metal. The fracture occurred in the HAZ or in the weld metal (WM). However, the test series withMod. SA showed a significant extension of the time to failure of several hours compared with tests carried out with Conv. A.
Modern arc processes, such as the modified spray arc (Mod. SA), have been developed for gas metal arc welding of high-strength structural steels with which even narrow weld seams can be welded. High-strength joints are subjected to increasingly stringent requirements in terms of welding processing and the resulting component performance. In the present work, this challenge is to be met by clarifying the influences on hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) in a high-strength structural steel S960QL. Adapted samples analogous to the self-restraint TEKKEN test are used and analyzed with respect to crack formation, microstructure, diffusible hydrogen concentration and residual stresses. The variation of the seam opening angle of the test seams is between 30° and 60°. To prevent HAC, the effectiveness of a dehydrogenation heat treatment (DHT) from the welding heat is investigated.
As a result, the weld metals produced at reduced weld opening angle show slightly higher hydrogen concentrations on average. In addition, increased micro- as well as macro-crack formation can be observed on these weld metal samples. On all samples without DHT, cracks in the root notch occur due to HAC, which can be prevented by DHT immediately after welding.
High-strength steels with yield strength of 960 MPa are susceptible to hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) during welding processing. In the present paper, the implant test is used to study HAC in a quenched and tempered steel S960QL and a high-strength steel produced by thermo-mechanical controlled process S960MC. Welding is performed using the gas metal arc welding process. Furthermore, diffusible hydrogen concentration (HD) in arc weld metal is determined. Based on the implant test results, lower critical stress (LCS) for complete fracture, critical implant stress for crack initiation, and embrittlement index (EI) are determined. At HD of 1.66 ml/100 g, LCS is 605 MPa and 817 MPa for S960QL and S960MC, respectively. EI is 0.30 and 0.46 for S960QL and S960MC, respectively. Fracture surfaces of S960QL show higher degradation with reduced deformation. Both, higher EI of S960MC and fractography show better resistance to HAC in the HAZ of S960MC compared to S960QL.
High-strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels with yield strength ≥ 690 MPa are gaining popularity in civil engineering and construction of heavy vehicles. With increasing yield strength, the susceptibility for degradation of the mechanical properties in presence of diffusible hydrogen, i.e. hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) generally increases. HAC is a result of the critical interaction of local microstructure, mechanical load and hydrogen concentration. In existing standards for welding of HSLA steels, recommendations like working temperatures and dehydrogenation heat treatment (DHT) are given to limit the amount of introduced hydrogen during welding. The recommendations are based on investigations with conventional arc welding processes. In the past decade, modern weld technologies were developed to enable welding of narrower weld seams with V-grooves of 30°, e.g. the modified spray arc process. In that connection, a reduced number of weld runs and weld volume are important technical and, hence, economic benefits. In the present study, the hydrogen distribution in S960QL multi-layer welds with thickness of 20 mm was analyzed. The influence of different weld seam opening angles, heat input, working temperature and DHT was investigated. The results show that weldments with narrow groove contained increased diffusible hydrogen amount. Hydrogen concentration has been reduced by decreasing both the heat input and working temperature. Hydrogen free weldments were only achieved via subsequent DHT after welding. Furthermore, hydrogen distribution was experimentally determined across the weld seam thickness in HSLA GMA welded multi-layer welds for the first time.
High-strength low-alloyed (HSLA) steels with yield strength ≥ 690 MPa are gaining popularity in civil engineering and construction of heavy vehicles. With increasing yield strength, the susceptibility for degradation of the mechanical properties in the presence of diffusible hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC), generally increases. HAC is a result of the critical interaction between local microstructure, mechanical load, and hydrogen concentration. In existing standards for welding of HSLA-steels, recommendations including working temperatures and dehydrogenation heat treatment (DHT) are given to Limit the amount of introduced hydrogen during welding. These recommendations are based on investigations into conventional arc welding processes. In the past decade, modern weld technologies were developed to enable welding of narrower weld seams with V-grooves of 30°, e.g., the modified spray arc process. In that connection, a reduced number of weld runs and weld volume are important technical and, economic benefits. In the present study, the hydrogen distribution in S960QL multi-layer welds with thickness of 20 mm was analyzed. The influence of different weld seam opening angles, heat input, working temperature and DHT were investigated. The results show that weldments with narrow grooves contained an increased amount of diffusible hydrogen. Hydrogen concentration has been reduced by decreasing both the heat input and working temperature. Hydrogen-free weldments were only achieved via subsequent DHT after welding. Furthermore, hydrogen distribution was experimentally determined across the weld seam thickness in HSLA gas metal arc welded multi-layer welds for the first time.
In order to satisfy the growing requirements towards lightweight design and resource efficiency in modern steel constructions, e.g., mobile cranes and bridges, high-strength steels with typical yield strength ≥ 690 MPa are coming into use to an increasing extent. However, these steels require special treatment in welding. The susceptibility for degradation of the mechanical properties
in the presence of hydrogen increases significantly with increasing yield strength. In case of missing knowledge about how and the amount of hydrogen that is uptaken during welding, hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) can be a negative consequence.
Moreover, modern weld technology like the modified spray arc process enables welding of narrower weld seams. In this context,
a reduced number of weld beads, volume, and total heat input are technical and economical benefits. This work presents the influence of welding parameters on the diffusible hydrogen content in both (1) single-pass and (2) multi-layer welds. Different
hydrogen concentrations were detected by varied contact tube distance, wire feed speed, arc length, and varied arc type (transitional
arc and modified spray arc). The results show that all welding parameters have significant influence on the diffusible hydrogen concentration in the single-pass welds. By increasing the number of weld beads in case of multi-layer welding, the
hydrogen concentration has been reduced. Whereby, differences in hydrogen concentrations between both arc types are present.
In order to satisfy the growing requirements towards lightweight design and resource efficiency in modern steel constructions, e.g. mobile cranes and bridges, high-strength steels with typical yield strength ≥ 690 MPa are coming into use to an increasing extent. However, these steels require special treatment in welding. The susceptibility for degradation of the mechanical properties in presence of hydrogen increases significantly with increasing yield strength. In case of missing knowledge about how and which amount of hydrogen is uptaken during welding, hydrogen assisted cracking can be a negative consequence. Moreover, modern weld technology like the modified spray arc process enables welding of narrower weld seams. In this context, a reduced number of weld beads, volume and total heat input are technical and economic benefits. This work presents the influence of welding parameters on the diffusible hydrogen content in both (1) single-pass and (2) multi-layer welds. Different hydrogen concentrations were detected by varied contact tube distance, wire feed speed, arc length as well as varied arc type (transitional arc and modified spray arc). The results showed, that all welding parameters had significant influence on the diffusible hydrogen concentration in the single-pass welds. By increasing the number of weld beads in case of multi-layer welding, the hydrogen concentration have been substantially reduced. Whereby, differences in hydrogen concentrations between both arc types are present.
Ausgehend vom derzeit vorrangigen Einsatz in Mobilkranen, kommen höherfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit Streck-grenzen ab 960 MPa zunehmend auch in anderen modernen Stahlkonstruktionen zur Anwendung. Dies ist auf-grund aktueller Forderungen nach Energie- und Ressourceneffizienz im Sinne des konstruktiven Leichtbaus viel-fach notwendig. Die Verwendung höherfester Stähle sowie deren schweißtechnische Verarbeitung, insbesondere in sicherheitsrelevanten Tragstrukturen, erfordert ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen Schweißverfahren, Wärmeeinbringung, Abkühlbedingungen sowie den daraus resultierenden metallurgischen Vor-gängen in der Schweißnaht und den nahtnahen Bereichen. Vorwiegend werden höherfeste Güten mittels MAG-Prozess geschweißt. Bedeutende Fortschritte in der Regelungstechnik führten unter den Herstellern von Schweiß-stromquellen in den letzten Jahren zur Entwicklung zahlreicher modifizierter Sprühlichtbogenprozesse (mod. SLB). Diese Prozesse ähneln sich in ihren Eigenschaften und ermöglichen die bekannten positiven Aspekte, wie Einspa-rung an Schweißzusatz sowie Schweiß- und Rüstzeit aufgrund der Möglichkeit reduzierter Nahtöffnungswinkel. Der mod. SLB bedingt zusammen mit einer anderen Nahtgeometrie veränderte Naht- und Schweißraupenquerschnitte sowie einen abweichenden Lagenaufbau. Diese wirtschaftlich-technisch attraktive Möglichkeit reduzierter Nahtöff-nungswinkel findet in den Regelwerken zur schweißtechnischen Verarbeitung höherfester Feinkornbaustähle unter Vermeidung von Kaltrissbildung bisher keine Berücksichtigung. Dabei gilt es, gerade die Interaktion der Hauptein-flussgrößen auf die Kaltrissbildung unter reduziertem Nahtöffnungswinkel zu betrachten. Im Rahmen zweier AiF-Forschungsvorhaben (IGF-Nr. 17.978 N, 18.596 BR) wurde daher der Einfluss der Wärmeführung anhand verglei-chender Mehrlagenschweißungen mittels konventionellem Übergangslichtbogen und mod. SLB mit angepasster Nahtkonfiguration auf schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen sowie auf die Wasserstoffkonzentration im Schweißgut untersucht.
Ausgehend vom derzeit vorrangigen Einsatz in Mobilkranen, kommen höherfeste Feinkornbaustähle mit Streckgrenzen ab 960 MPa zunehmend auch in anderen modernen Stahlkonstruktionen zur Anwendung. Dies ist aufgrund aktueller Forderungen nach Energie- und Ressourceneffizienz im Sinne des konstruktiven Leichtbaus vielfach notwendig. Die Verwendung höherfester Stähle sowie deren schweißtechnische Verarbeitung, insbesondere in sicherheitsrelevanten Tragstrukturen, erfordert ein tiefgreifendes Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen Schweißverfahren, Wärmeeinbringung, Abkühlbedingungen sowie den daraus resultierenden metallurgischen Vorgängen in der Schweißnaht und den nahtnahen Bereichen. Vorwiegend werden höherfeste Güten mittels MAG-Prozess geschweißt. Bedeutende Fortschritte in der Regelungstechnik führten unter den Herstellern von Schweißstromquellen in den letzten Jahren zur Entwicklung zahlreicher modifizierter Sprühlichtbogenprozesse (mod. SLB). Diese Prozesse ähneln sich in ihren Eigenschaften und ermöglichen die bekannten positiven Aspekte, wie Einsparung an Schweißzusatz sowie Schweiß- und Rüstzeit aufgrund der Möglichkeit reduzierter Nahtöffnungswinkel. Der mod. SLB bedingt zusammen mit einer anderen Nahtgeometrie veränderte Naht- und Schweißraupenquerschnitte sowie einen abweichenden Lagenaufbau. Diese wirtschaftlich-technisch attraktive Möglichkeit reduzierter Nahtöffnungswinkel findet in den Regelwerken zur schweißtechnischen Verarbeitung höherfester Feinkornbaustähle unter Vermeidung von Kaltrissbildung bisher keine Berücksichtigung. Dabei gilt es, gerade die Interaktion der Haupteinflussgrößen auf die Kaltrissbildung unter reduziertem Nahtöffnungswinkel zu betrachten. Im Rahmen zweier AiF-Forschungsvorhaben (IGF-Nr. 17.978 N, 18.596 BR) wurde daher der Einfluss der Wärmeführung anhand vergleichender Mehrlagenschweißungen mittels konventionellem Übergangslichtbogen und mod. SLB mit angepasster Nahtkonfiguration auf schweißbedingte Beanspruchungen sowie auf die Wasserstoffkonzentration im Schweißgut untersucht.