Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (218)
- Vortrag (116)
- Beitrag zu einem Tagungsband (29)
- Beitrag zu einem Sammelband (18)
- Buchkapitel (10)
- Posterpräsentation (7)
- Monografie (2)
- Forschungsbericht (1)
Sprache
- Englisch (325)
- Deutsch (73)
- Mehrsprachig (3)
Schlagworte
- Flame retardancy (71)
- Flame retardant (40)
- Flammability (34)
- Fire retardancy (29)
- Cone calorimeter (28)
- Nanocomposites (27)
- Epoxy resin (24)
- Flame retardance (23)
- Pyrolysis (23)
- Graphene (21)
- Nanocomposite (21)
- Composites (16)
- Cone Calorimeter (14)
- Intumescence (14)
- Rubber (14)
- Synergy (14)
- Fire resistance (12)
- DOPO (11)
- Flame retardants (11)
- Flammschutz (11)
- PC/ABS (11)
- TG-FTIR (11)
- UL 94 (11)
- Durability (9)
- Fire stability (9)
- Weathering (9)
- Fire behaviour (8)
- LOI (8)
- Polypropylene (8)
- Aryl phosphate (7)
- Charring (7)
- Fire testing (7)
- Polyurethane (7)
- Aluminium phosphinate (6)
- Dripping (6)
- Expandable graphite (6)
- Flame inhibition (6)
- Flexible polyurethane foam (6)
- Modes of action (6)
- Phosphorus (6)
- Red Phosphorus (6)
- Cone calorimetry (5)
- Decomposition (5)
- Fire behavior (5)
- Fire protection (5)
- Fire retardant (5)
- Mechanical properties (5)
- Organoclay (5)
- Phosphinate (5)
- Pyrolyse (5)
- Rapid mass calorimeter (5)
- Red phosphorus (5)
- Solid-state NMR (5)
- Aluminum diethylphosphinate (4)
- Ammonium polyphosphate (4)
- Biocomposite (4)
- Cable (4)
- Clay (4)
- Coating (4)
- Composites in fire (4)
- Computed tomography (4)
- Flame Retardancy (4)
- Fully developed fire (4)
- Hyperbranched (4)
- Intumescent coatings (4)
- Layered silicate (4)
- Low-melting glass (4)
- Magnesium hydroxide (4)
- Multilayer graphene (4)
- PA 66 (4)
- Poly(butylene terephthalate) (4)
- Polyester (4)
- Polyesters (4)
- Polyurethan (4)
- Reinforcement (4)
- Renewable (4)
- Rheology (4)
- Synthesis (4)
- TGA-FTIR (4)
- Thermogravimetric analysis (4)
- Thermosets (4)
- Zinc borate (4)
- Aluminium diethylphosphinate (3)
- Aluminum hydroxide (ATH) (3)
- BDP (3)
- Cables (3)
- Calorimetry (3)
- Chemiluminescence (3)
- Combustion (3)
- Composite (3)
- Degradation (3)
- EPDM (3)
- EVA (3)
- Elastomer (3)
- Fire Retardancy (3)
- Fire residue (3)
- Foam (3)
- Foams (3)
- HIPS (3)
- High-temperature properties (3)
- Ignition (3)
- Melt dripping (3)
- Metal oxide (3)
- Metal phosphinate (3)
- PBT (3)
- PLA (3)
- Polyamide 6.6 (3)
- Polycarbonate blends (3)
- Protective layer (3)
- Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme (3)
- Schaum (3)
- Sustainability (3)
- Sustainable (3)
- TG-MS (3)
- TPU (3)
- Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (3)
- UL94 (3)
- Vitrimer (3)
- Adjuvants (2)
- Alterung (2)
- Anaerobic digestion (2)
- Aryl phosphates (2)
- Arylphosphates (2)
- Bench scale fire testing (2)
- Bench-scale fire testing (2)
- Bio-composite (2)
- Biocomposites (2)
- Biomaterials (2)
- Blends (2)
- Boehmite (2)
- Brandschutz (2)
- Brandverhalten (2)
- Brandversuche (2)
- Burning behavior (2)
- Carbon fibre reinforced composite (2)
- Carbon fibre reinforced composites (2)
- Char (2)
- Circular economy (2)
- Dauerhaftigkeit (2)
- Dispersion (2)
- Elastomers (2)
- Epoxy (2)
- Ethylene-vinyl acetate (2)
- Fillers (2)
- Fire retardance (2)
- Fire simulation (2)
- Flame Retardants (2)
- Flame retardancy mechanism (2)
- Flame retardant mode of action (2)
- Flame retardant modes of action (2)
- Fracture toughness (2)
- Halogen-free (2)
- Heat release (2)
- Heat shielding (2)
- High performance polymers (2)
- High throughput (2)
- Mechanisms (2)
- Melamine cyanurate (2)
- Melamine polyphosphate (2)
- Melt flow (2)
- Mg(OH)2 (2)
- Nanofibers (2)
- Natural rubber (2)
- Numerical analysis (2)
- Oxidation (2)
- PC (2)
- PFEM (2)
- Particle finite element method (PFEM) (2)
- Phosphate (2)
- Phosphine oxide (2)
- Phosphorylated Algae (2)
- Phosphorylated lignin (2)
- Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) (2)
- Polyaniline (2)
- Polycarbonate (PC) blends (2)
- Polyurethane foam (2)
- Prepregs (2)
- SEBS (2)
- Sandwich panels (2)
- Shielding effect (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Smoke (2)
- Smoke suppression (2)
- Stability (2)
- Synergism (2)
- Thermal analysis (2)
- Thermal stability (2)
- Thermally treated sludge (2)
- Thermoplastic elastomers (2)
- Thermoplastic polyurethane (2)
- Wastewater flame retardants (2)
- Weathering resistance (2)
- Zink phytate (2)
- 29Si NMR (1)
- 2D nanoparticle (1)
- 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (1)
- 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) (1)
- 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide; DOPO (1)
- A. Fibres (1)
- A. Layered structures (1)
- ATH (1)
- Absorption in depth (1)
- Acetylation (1)
- Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (1)
- Acrylphosphate (1)
- Additives (1)
- Adhesives (1)
- Adjuvant (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Aliphatic biopolyesters (1)
- Aliphatic polyester (1)
- Aluminium hydroxide (1)
- Aluminium trihydroxide (1)
- Aluminum diethyl phosphinate (1)
- Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) (1)
- Ammonium Polyphosphate (1)
- Amonium polyphosphate (1)
- Anisotropy (1)
- Antimony trioxide (1)
- Antioxydant (1)
- Aromatic (1)
- Aromatics (1)
- Aryl Phosphate (1)
- Asphalt (1)
- Bench-scale (1)
- Bench-scale Fire Resistance Test (1)
- Bench-scale fire resistance (1)
- Bench-scale fire resistance tests (1)
- Bench-scale fire test (1)
- Bench‐scale fire testing (1)
- Bio-based (1)
- Bio-filler (1)
- Bio-flame retardant (1)
- Bio-polymer (1)
- Biodegradable (1)
- Biodegradation (1)
- Biofuel (1)
- Biogenic (1)
- Biopolymer (1)
- Biopolymerkomposite (1)
- Biopolymers (1)
- Biorefinery (1)
- Biosomposites (1)
- Bis([dimethoxyphosphoryl]methyl) phenyl phosphate (1)
- Bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) (1)
- Bisphenol A bis(diphenyl)phosphate (BDP) (1)
- Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) (1)
- Bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene (PC/ABS) (1)
- Bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl)phosphate (BDP) (1)
- Brandtest (1)
- Brandtests (1)
- Buckling (1)
- Cable bundle (1)
- Cables in fire (1)
- Calcium hypophosphite (1)
- Carbon Nanotubes (1)
- Carbon black (1)
- Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) (1)
- Carbon fibre (1)
- Carbon fibre reinforced (1)
- Carbon fibre reinforced plastics CFRP (1)
- Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (1)
- Carbon fibres (1)
- Carbon filler (1)
- Carbon multiwall nanotube (MWNT) (1)
- Carbon nanomaterial (1)
- Carbon nanomaterials (1)
- Carbon nanoparticle (1)
- Carbon nanoparticles (1)
- Carbon nanotubes (1)
- Carbon-fibre-reinforced (1)
- Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics (1)
- Carbonization (1)
- Cationic polymerisation (1)
- Ceepree (1)
- Charring Agent (1)
- Chemical vapor deposition (1)
- Chemilumineszenz (1)
- Chlorbutylkautschuk (1)
- Coatings (1)
- Coconut fiber (1)
- Composite and fire (1)
- Composite in Fire (1)
- Composite in fire (1)
- Composite materials (1)
- Concentration dependency (1)
- Conductivity (1)
- Cone Caorimeter (1)
- Cone claorimeter (1)
- Conjugated polymer (1)
- Construction products regulation (1)
- Core materials (1)
- Crosslinking (1)
- D. Mechanical testing (1)
- D. Thermal analysis (1)
- DGEBA (1)
- DMDHEU (1)
- DOPO derivative salts (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Decompositiion pathways (1)
- Dendrimers (1)
- Dendritic (1)
- Developing fire (1)
- Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide (1)
- Dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine 6-oxide; BPPO (1)
- Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (1)
- Dielectric spectroscopy (1)
- Diethylaluminium phosphinate (1)
- Difunctionalized [2.2]paracyclophanes (1)
- Diphenylethylenderivate (1)
- Dripping Agent (1)
- Dripping agent (1)
- Dripping behavior (1)
- Elastomere (1)
- Electrospinning (1)
- Elektrotechnik (1)
- Entflammbarkeit (1)
- Enzymatic degradation (1)
- Epoxide (1)
- Epoxies (1)
- Epoxy Resins (1)
- Epoxy resin (RTM6) (1)
- Epoxy resins (1)
- Ethyl (diethoxymethyl)phosphinate derivatives (1)
- Exfoliation (1)
- Expandable Graphite (1)
- Expandierbarer Graphit (1)
- Extrusion (1)
- FDS (1)
- Feuerwiderstand (1)
- Fibers (1)
- Fibre reinforced polymers (1)
- Fibres (1)
- Filler (1)
- Fire Retardant (1)
- Fire Stability (1)
- Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) (1)
- Fire growth indices (1)
- Fire load (1)
- Fire property (1)
- Fire property assessment (1)
- Fire protective coating (1)
- Fire protective coatings (1)
- Fire resistance testing (1)
- Fire retardant interlayers (1)
- Fire science (1)
- Fire spread (1)
- Fire stabiliy (1)
- Fire test (1)
- Flame retardancy concepts (1)
- Flame retardant; (1)
- Flame retarded composites (1)
- Flame retarded polymers (1)
- Flame spread (1)
- Flame-retardant biocomposites (1)
- Flammschutz von Polymeren (1)
- Flammschutz, Witterungsbeständigkeit, Langzeitbeständigkeit, UV, E&E (1)
- Flammschutzmittel (1)
- Flax (1)
- Flexible PU foam (1)
- Foam mattress (1)
- Fracture (1)
- Fuel dilution (1)
- Gas Barrier Properties (1)
- Geopolymers (1)
- Glass fiber-reinforced composites (1)
- Glass fibre (1)
- Glass transition (1)
- Glass-fiber-composites (1)
- Glass-fibre composite (1)
- Glass-fibre-reinforced plastics (1)
- Gorham process (1)
- Graphen (1)
- Halogen free (1)
- Halogen-free flame retardant (1)
- Halogen‐free (1)
- Heat of combustion (1)
- Heat release rate (1)
- Heating curves (1)
- High heat resistance (1)
- High throughput screening (1)
- High-Throughput Fire Tests (1)
- Holz-Kunststoff-Verbundwerkstoffe (1)
- Homogene Mischbarkeit (1)
- Hydroliquefaction (1)
- Hyperbranched polymer (1)
- Hyperbranched polymers (1)
- IR mirror (1)
- Industrial waste (1)
- Industrial-waste fibres (1)
- Inorganic fillers (1)
- Insects (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Intermediate-scale test method (1)
- Intumescent additives (1)
- Intumescent coating (1)
- Intumescent coating materials (1)
- Intumescent flame retardant (1)
- Klebebänder (1)
- Laminate design (1)
- Laminates (1)
- Langzeitstabilität (1)
- Leather (1)
- Leather fibers (1)
- Leather waste (1)
- Lightweight materials (1)
- Lignin (1)
- Ligning (1)
- Liquid crystal (1)
- Liquid-cristalline conjugated Polymer (1)
- Low melting glasses (1)
- Low oxygen index (1)
- MCC (1)
- Macroalgae (1)
- Mass loss calorimeter (1)
- Masterbatch (1)
- Mechanical testing (1)
- Mechanics (1)
- Mechanism (1)
- Mechanistic study (1)
- Melamine Polyphosphate (1)
- Melamine borate (1)
- Melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (1)
- Melamine poly(metal phosphate) (1)
- Metal oxide nanocomposite (1)
- Metathesis (1)
- Michaelis-Arbuzov rearrangement (1)
- Micro-computed tomography (1)
- Microalgae culture (1)
- Microplastic (1)
- Miscibility (1)
- Mode of Action (1)
- Mode of action (1)
- Molecular Reinforcement (1)
- Molecular mobility (1)
- Montmorillonites (1)
- Morphology (1)
- Morphology analysis (1)
- MuFu+ (1)
- Multicomponent systems (1)
- Multikomponentensysteme (1)
- Multiwall carbon nanotubes (1)
- NMR (1)
- Nachhaltigkeit (1)
- Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (1)
- Nano structures (1)
- Nanoclays (1)
- Nanokomposite (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanotechnology (1)
- Nanotubes (1)
- Natural (1)
- Natural fibre (1)
- Natural fibres (1)
- Network (1)
- Optical cables (1)
- Organic-inorganic polymer (1)
- Organo-phosphorus compounds (1)
- Organophosphonate (1)
- Organophosphorus-containing epoxy resin (1)
- Outdoor (1)
- Oxygen index (1)
- PC blend (1)
- PDMS (1)
- PMMA (1)
- PP/Flax Biocomposite (1)
- PUR Hardschaum (1)
- PUR Weichschaum (1)
- PVC (1)
- Particle Finite Element Modelling (1)
- Particle finite element method (1)
- Partikel (1)
- Pentaerythritol (1)
- Phospha-Michael addition (1)
- Phosphate esters (1)
- Phosphinates (1)
- Phosphoester (1)
- Phosphonate (1)
- Phosphoramide (1)
- Phosphorous flame retardant (1)
- Phosphorous flame retardants (1)
- Phosphorous soybean-oil–based polyol (1)
- Phosphorus flame retardant (1)
- Phosphorus flame retardants (1)
- Phosphorus polymer (1)
- Phosphorus-containing flame retardant (1)
- Phosphorus-modified polysulfone (1)
- Phosphorylated Lignin (1)
- Phosphorylated algae (1)
- Physical vapour deposition (PVD) (1)
- Plasma polymerization (1)
- Plastics (1)
- Polarized fluorescence measurements (1)
- Poly(L‑lactide) (1)
- Poly(butadiene terephthalates) (PBT) (1)
- Poly(butylene terephtalate) PBT (1)
- Poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposites (1)
- Poly(limonene carbonate) (1)
- Poly(methyl methacrylate) (1)
- Poly(p-xylylene) (1)
- Poly(phenylene) oxide (1)
- Poly(phosphoester)s (1)
- Polyamid (1)
- Polyamide 4.6 (1)
- Polyamide 6 (1)
- Polyamide 6,6 (1)
- Polyamides (1)
- Polybutadiene/chloroprene (1)
- Polycarbonate (PC) (1)
- Polyimide (1)
- Polyisocyanurate (1)
- Polyisocyanurate; PIR (1)
- Polymer (1)
- Polymer clay nanocomposites (1)
- Polymer-matrix composites (1)
- Polymeric material (1)
- Polyolefins (1)
- Polyphosphoester (1)
- Polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (1)
- Polystyrene (1)
- Polysulfones (1)
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (1)
- Polyurethane foams (1)
- Pool fire (1)
- Post-crash scenario (1)
- Post-fire testing (1)
- Pressure-sensitive adhesive (1)
- Protective coatings (1)
- Pseudo-synergy (1)
- Pudovik reaction (1)
- Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (1)
- Pyrolysis front (1)
- Pyrolysis simulation (1)
- Pyrolysis volatiles (1)
- Pyrolysis zone (1)
- Radical generator (1)
- Rauchgase (1)
- Reaction to fire (1)
- Reaction-to-small-flame (1)
- Recyclable (1)
- Renewable adjuvants (1)
- Renewable source (1)
- Residue analysis (1)
- Residue design (1)
- Residue formation (1)
- Residue morphology (1)
- Resources from waste streams (1)
- Rigid (1)
- Rigid foam (1)
- Rigid foams (1)
- SBR (1)
- SEM/EDX (1)
- STT (1)
- STT MuFu+ (1)
- Sandwich (1)
- Seaweeds (1)
- Sepiolite (1)
- Shells (1)
- Silicon dioxide (1)
- Silicone rubber (1)
- Silicones (1)
- Siloxane (1)
- Siloxane functionalized PPX (1)
- Small scale (1)
- Small scale test furnace (1)
- Smoke behavior (1)
- Smoke density (1)
- Smoke measurement (1)
- Smoke suppressant (1)
- Smoldering (1)
- Sol-gel (1)
- Ssynergy (1)
- Standard time temperature furnace (1)
- Starch (1)
- Steady burning (1)
- Steel construction (1)
- Stringer reinforced components (1)
- Stringer reinforced shells (1)
- Structural composites (1)
- Structural integrity (1)
- Structural integrity investigation (1)
- Structure-flame retardancy relationship (1)
- Structureproperty relations (1)
- Styrene butadiene rubber (1)
- Sulfur (1)
- Sulfur containing polymers (1)
- Surface treatments (1)
- Swelling (1)
- Synergie (1)
- Synergist (1)
- Synergistic effect (1)
- Synergy index (1)
- TED-GC/MS (1)
- TG (1)
- TGA-MS (1)
- Talc (1)
- Tannery industry (1)
- Tannic acid (1)
- Tapes (1)
- ThermKin (1)
- ThermaKin (1)
- Thermal Analysis (1)
- Thermal decomposition (1)
- Thermal properties (1)
- Thermal resistance (1)
- Thermal treatment (1)
- Thermal-oxidation (1)
- Thermally Treated Sludge (1)
- Thermally reduced graphite oxide (1)
- Thermogravimetric analyses (1)
- Thermogravimetry (1)
- Thermomechanical properties (1)
- Thermoplastic Polyurethane (1)
- Thermoplastic resin (1)
- Thermoset (1)
- Thio-ether (1)
- Toxicity (1)
- Transesterification (1)
- Triazine (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- V0 dripping (1)
- Verbundwerkstoffe (1)
- Viscosity (1)
- Vitrimers (1)
- Vulcanization (1)
- Waste streams (1)
- Wastewater Flame Retardants (1)
- Weathering stability (1)
- Wittig reactions (1)
- Wood (1)
- Wood modification (1)
- Wood plastic composite (1)
- Wood plastic composite (WPC) (1)
- Working life (1)
- X-ray (1)
- Xpoxy resin (1)
- Zinc stannate (1)
- Zink Phytate (1)
- ZnS (1)
- biocomposite (1)
- biodegradation (1)
- carbon black (1)
- composite (1)
- fire resistance (1)
- fire stability (1)
- flame retardance (1)
- flame retardant (1)
- industrial waste (1)
- intermediate-scale testing (1)
- melamine (1)
- multilayer graphene (1)
- nanocomposites (1)
- natural fibers (1)
- phosphorous flame retardant (1)
- poly(propylene) (PP) (1)
- renewable (1)
- rubber (1)
- sandwich panels (1)
- shells (1)
- sustainability (1)
- sustainable (1)
- thermogravimetric analysis (1)
- thermoplastic starch (1)
- thermosets (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (116)
- 7.5 Technische Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen (116)
- 7.3 Brandingenieurwesen (6)
- 6 Materialchemie (3)
- 7.1 Baustoffe (2)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (1)
- 5.3 Polymere Verbundwerkstoffe (1)
- 6.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (1)
- 6.3 Strukturanalytik (1)
- 6.6 Physik und chemische Analytik der Polymere (1)
Paper des Monats
- ja (2)
The thermal decomposition and the fire behavior of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 (PA-66) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) containing red phosphorus (P4) were investigated. For glass fiber reinforced PA-66, P4 promotes char formation in the condensed phase. Barrier effects and the reduction of combustible volatiles were identified as fire retardancy mechanisms. For HIPS, P4 acts in the gas phase, mainly trapping radicals. The heat release per mass loss polymer is reduced due to an incomplete combustion.
A liquid crystalline mainchain conjugated polymer for polarized electroluminescence applications
(1997)
Polarized fluorescence and orientational order parameters of a liquid crystalline conjugated polymer
(1999)
Polymeric nanocomposites are discussed as one of the most promising advanced materials whose nanoscale effects can be exploited for industry. Layered silicate polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride nanocomposites are investigated as a model to clarify the potential of such materials in terms of fire retardancy. The nanostructure is characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and shear viscosity. The fire behavior is characterized using different external heat fluxes in cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index and UL 94 classification. A comprehensive fire behavior characterization is presented which enables an assessment of the materials’ potential with respect to different fire scenarios and fire tests. The influence of morphology and the active mechanisms are discussed, such as barrier formation and changed melt viscosity. To our knowledge, it is the first attempt to illuminate the concept’s strengths, such as the reduction of flame spread, and weaknesses, such as the lack of influence on ignitability, in a clear, comprehensive and detailed manner.
The morphology and thermal behaviour of polypropylenegraftmaleic anhydride (PPgMA) layered silicate (montmorillonite) nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The study focuses on the influence of the presence of oxygen during the preparation of PPgMAnanocomposite using two different modified clays. The nanocomposites show tactoid, intercalated and exfoliated structures side by side with different dominant states depending on the clay used and on the processing conditions. The systems are described as multi-component blends rather than binary blends since the organic ions do not only change the mixing behaviour, but also influence material properties. Beside the physical barrier property of the clay layers also chemical processes were found to play an important role.
Fire Retardancy of Polymers
(2003)
Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die Thematik der flammgeschützten Polyurethanwerkstoffe, d.h. thermoplastisches und elastomeres Polyurethan (TPU, PUR), PUR Hard- und Weichschäume, PUR Coatings. Die Werkstoffcharakteristika wie Pyrolyse, effektive Verbrennungswärme, Rückstandsausbeute, Verarbeitungsparameter und kg-Preis definieren die Anforderungen an Flammschutzlösungen. Der Flammschutz ist spezifisch für das Material ausgelegt, aber auch für die verschiedenen Anwendungen (Automobilbau, Schienenfahrzeuge, Bauwesen, Elektrotechnik, usw.), d.h. um verschiedene Brandtests zu bestehen. Die Pyrolyse und das Brandverhalten von PUR und PUR-Schäumen sowie der flammgeschützten Varianten wird diskutiert. Die gängigen Flammschutzmittel(-kombinationen) für PUR Hard- und Weichschaum sowie thermoplastisches und elastomeres PUR werden zusammengefasst.
Effect of well dispersed amorphous silicon dioxide in flame retarded styrene butadiene rubber
(2013)
Spherically shaped amorphous silicon dioxide with broad size particle distribution was used in combination with aluminium trihydroxide (ATH) in styrene butadiene rubber composites. The pyrolysis, flammability, fire properties, flame spread and gas diffusion were investigated. The kind and amount of ATH, but in particular the fine silicon dioxide chosen as an additive, influenced the thermal decomposition and fire behaviour of styrene butadiene rubber composites. Gravimetric gas sorption measurements showed that the gas diffusion was systematically lower with silicon dioxide. The initial pyrolysis gas release was hindered, increasing the temperature at which decomposition begins as well as the ignition time in fire tests. During combustion, ATH and silicon dioxide accumulate on the surface of the specimen, forming a residual protective layer. A reduced peak heat release rate and fire spread were observed. The addition of a special kind of silicon dioxide is proposed to play a key role in optimising fire retardancy.
Biomass pre-treatments for bio-oil quality improvement are mainly based on thermal and chemical methods which are costly and hence reduce the sustainability of pyrolysis-based refineries. In this paper, anaerobic digestion (AD) and dark fermentation (DF) are proposed as alternative ‘green’ pre-treatments to improve this situation. For this purpose, three seaweeds namely Sargassum polycystum, (Phaephyta), Gracilaria tenuistipitata, (Rhodophyta) and Ulva reticulata, (Chlorophyta) with high ash and oxygen contents were pre-treated to improve their composition and structure prior to pyrolysis. The results reveal that both biological pre-treatments affected, positively, the composition and structure of the seaweed biomass with AD pre-treatment reducing N and S contents by 86% and 63%, respectively. DF was more efficient in terms of ash and moisture reduction with 25% and 70%, respectively. In addition, oxygen (O) reduction by 27% was observed after DF which was evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy indicating the reduction of most oxygen-containing functional groups in the biomass. On the other hand, the carbon (C) content increased in DF pre-treated seaweeds up to 42%, almost two times higher relative content than C in the raw seaweed. The changes in the composition of pre-treated seaweeds resulted in changes in their thermal degradation and the volatile profiles produced during pyrolysis. Interestingly, anhydrosugars and furans which account for some 70% (by area) in raw seaweeds markedly declined or become undetectable after DF pre-treatment and correspondingly more acetic acid and hydrocarbons were produced while after AD more aromatics with high toluene content (ca.17%) were generated. The results indicate that biooil with profiles more similar to petroleum-based composition i.e. rich in hydrocarbons and low in anhydrosugars, N and S can be generated by AD and DF pre-treatments and opens up the possibility of these approaches to effect cost reduction in the overall generation of bio-based fuels.
Synergy in flame-retarded epoxy resin - Identification of chemical interactions by solid-state NMR
(2017)
The potential synergists aluminium diethylphosphinate (AlPi), boehmite (AlO(OH)) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) were compared in flame-retardant epoxy resin (EP)/melamine poly(magnesium phosphate) (S600). The pyrolysis, the fire behaviour as well as the chemical interactions in the gas and condensed phases were investigated by various methods. Flammability was investigated by cone calorimeter and oxygen index (OI). The thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition were studied by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with FTIR spectrometer. The special focus was on the Investigation of structural changes in the condensed phase via solid-state NMR of 27Al and 31P nuclei. By the comparison of epoxy resin with only one additive or with S600 in combination with AlPi, AlO(OH) or MPP, it was possible to calculate the synergy index. The best performance in terms of fire behaviour was observed for EP/S600/MPP with a PHRR (Peak heat release rate) of 208 kW m-2 due to slight synergy. In the case of THE (total heat evolved), clear synergy occurred for EP/S600/AlPi and EP/S600/AlO(OH). By solid-state NMR, different phosphates and aluminates were identified, indicating the chemical interactions between S600 and AlPi, AlO(OH) or MPP. The systematic multi-methodical approach yielded insight into the synergistic effects in the flame-retarded epoxy resin.
The impact of the chemical structure of four different aryl bisphosphates on the flame retardancy of bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends (PC/ABS) was investigated. The impact of the bridging unit was studied, by comparing bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) BDP with biphenyl bis(diphenyl phosphate) BBDP and hydroquinone bis(diphenyl phosphate) HDP; as well as the influence of an aromatic substitution by comparing BBDP with biphenyl bis (di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) BBXP. The blends were investigated in terms of pyrolysis (thermogravimetry TG, TG coupled with Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS)) and fire performance (cone calorimeter, LOI, UL 94). The decomposition temperature of the flame retardant is a main parameter enabling a condensed phase interaction with PC decomposition products. The phosphate esters reacting with phenolic groups during pyrolysis were shown to increase cross-linking and reduce the hydrolysis/alcoholysis of the carbonate group. Variation of the aromatic substitution with the use of biphenyl bis (di-2,6-xylyl phosphate) led to reduced performance, highlighting the importance of the reactivity of the flame retardant with the decomposing PC.
Flammschutz von Polymeren
(2004)