Filtern
Erscheinungsjahr
Dokumenttyp
- Zeitschriftenartikel (301) (entfernen)
Sprache
- Englisch (249)
- Deutsch (38)
- Russisch (9)
- Mehrsprachig (2)
- Italienisch (1)
- Serbisch (1)
- Chinesisch (1)
Schlagworte
- Laser beam welding (60)
- Laser welding (18)
- Laser metal deposition (15)
- Resistance spot welding (15)
- Welding simulation (15)
- Additive manufacturing (14)
- Microstructure (14)
- Mechanical properties (11)
- Solidification cracking (11)
- Aluminium (9)
- Laserstrahlschweißen (9)
- Gas metal arc welding (8)
- Hybrid laser-arc welding (8)
- Numerical simulation (8)
- Welding (8)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support (7)
- Widerstandspunktschweißen (7)
- Design of experiments (6)
- Distortion (6)
- Electromagnetic weld pool control (6)
- Festigkeit (6)
- Hartmann effect (6)
- Hochfester Stahl (6)
- Hybrid laser arc welding (6)
- Lorentz force (6)
- Natural convection (6)
- Residual stress (6)
- Rissbildung (6)
- Thick-walled steel (6)
- Werkstofffragen (6)
- Artificial neural network (5)
- DED (5)
- Electron beam welding (5)
- Friction stir welding (5)
- Grain refinement (5)
- High power laser beam welding (5)
- Laser hybrid welding (5)
- Liquid metal embrittlement (5)
- Additive Fertigung (4)
- Advanced high strength steels (4)
- Austenitic stainless steels (4)
- Corrosion (4)
- Crack (4)
- Critical strain (4)
- Element transport (4)
- GTA welding (4)
- Hardness (4)
- Heat conduction (4)
- Heat treatment (4)
- Hot cracking (4)
- Magnetohydrodynamics (4)
- Marangoni flow (4)
- Neural networks (4)
- Numerical modeling (4)
- Numerical welding simulation (4)
- Porosity (4)
- Quality assurance (4)
- Residual stresses (4)
- Solidification (4)
- Weld defects (4)
- Weld pool shape (4)
- Weldability (4)
- 9%Ni steel (3)
- Adaptive control (3)
- Automotive application (3)
- Crack formation (3)
- Deep penetration (3)
- Directed energy deposition (3)
- FEA (3)
- Fatigue (3)
- Finite element analysis (3)
- Finite element simulation (3)
- Full penetration (3)
- Gap (3)
- Grain size (3)
- High strength steel (3)
- High strength steels (3)
- High-strength low-alloy steel (3)
- Inconel 718 (3)
- Liquid Metal Embrittlement (3)
- MAG welding (3)
- Magnetic field (3)
- Marangoni stresses (3)
- Mathematical modeling (3)
- Mathematical models (3)
- Mechanical mismatching (3)
- Multi-physical modelling (3)
- Partial penetration (3)
- Phase transformation (3)
- Pipeline (3)
- Post-weld heat treatment (3)
- Schweißsimulation (3)
- Sensitivity analysis (3)
- Simulating (3)
- Simulation (3)
- Stress reduction (3)
- TRIP steel (3)
- Temperature (3)
- Weld pool dynamics (3)
- Widerstandspressschweißen (3)
- AHSS (2)
- Advanced high strength steel (2)
- Aluminium alloys (2)
- Arc welding (2)
- Auftragschweißen (2)
- Austenite stability (2)
- Automated manufacturing (2)
- Automotive industry (2)
- Bulge effect (2)
- CCT sensitivity (2)
- CO2 lasers (2)
- Circumferential weld (2)
- Clad steels (2)
- Cladding parameter (2)
- Coarse-grained heat-affected zone (2)
- Columnar to equiaxed transition (CET) (2)
- Cracking (2)
- Cracks (2)
- Data preparation (2)
- Digital image correlation (2)
- Dimensional accuracy (2)
- Directed Energy Deposition (2)
- Directivity (2)
- Dissimilar metal weld overlays (2)
- Dual phase steel (2)
- Duplex (2)
- Duplex AISI 2205 (2)
- Duplex stainless steel (2)
- Duplex stainless steels (2)
- EBSD (2)
- EDXRD (2)
- Electromagnetically controlled laser beam welding (2)
- Elektronenstrahlschweißen (2)
- End crater (2)
- Energy input (2)
- Equivalent heat source (2)
- Fahrzeugbau (2)
- Fatigue life (2)
- Fatigue tests (2)
- Fiber laser (2)
- Fibre-optic lasers (2)
- Fusion zone size (2)
- GMA welding (2)
- Gap bridgeability (2)
- Gas shielded arc welding (2)
- Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) (2)
- Heat flow (2)
- High energy beam welding (2)
- High power (2)
- High-power laser beam welding (2)
- High-pressure pipelines (2)
- High-strength steel (2)
- Hot crack (2)
- Hot cracking test (2)
- Hybrid welding (2)
- Instrumentierte Eindringprüfung (2)
- Keyhole (2)
- Kornfeinung (2)
- Künstliche Intelligenz (2)
- L-PBF (2)
- Laser (2)
- Laser beam weliding (2)
- Laser beams (2)
- Laser cladding (2)
- Laser energy distribution (2)
- Laser keyhole welding (2)
- Laser scanner optics (2)
- Laser-Pulver-Auftragschweißen (2)
- Laser-hybrid welding (2)
- Laserhybridschweißen (2)
- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (2)
- Local critical strain (2)
- Longitudinal weld (2)
- Manganese (2)
- Marangoni effect (2)
- Matching ferritic welding electrode (2)
- Material flow (2)
- Material questions (2)
- Melt pool dynamics (2)
- Metal mixing (2)
- Modified spray arc (2)
- Molten pool (2)
- Nickel (2)
- Nickel alloys (2)
- Notch stress approach (2)
- Numerical modelling (2)
- Numerical process simulation (2)
- Optical flow (2)
- Optimisation (2)
- Orbital welding (2)
- Partial penetration welding (2)
- Pipe manufacturing (2)
- Porosity prevention (2)
- Preheating (2)
- Process monitoring (2)
- Process simulation (2)
- Punktschweißverbindung (2)
- Qualitätssicherung (2)
- Ray tracing (2)
- Refill friction stir spot welding (2)
- Repair welding (2)
- Schutzgasschweißen (2)
- Schweißeignung (2)
- Schweißnahtfehler (2)
- Seam geometry (2)
- Shielding gases (2)
- Simulation and calculation (2)
- Simulation und Berechnung (2)
- Single pass welding (2)
- Spannungen (2)
- Spot welding (2)
- Stainless steels (2)
- Strength (2)
- Stresses (2)
- Submerged arc welding (2)
- Superellipse (2)
- Synchrotron (2)
- Sysweld (2)
- Temperature field (2)
- Tensile tests (2)
- Thermal analysis (2)
- Thermal cycles (2)
- Thermo-fluid flow (2)
- Ti-6Al-4V (2)
- Titanium alloy (2)
- Transformable steels (2)
- Tubular X-joints (2)
- Vapor plume (2)
- Verzug (2)
- WIG-Schweißen (2)
- Welding-induced distortion (2)
- Welding-induced residual stress (2)
- Wire arc additive manufacturing (2)
- Wärmebehandlung (2)
- YAG lasers (2)
- laser welding (2)
- resistance spot welding (2)
- 2D ray tracing (1)
- 3D ray tracing (1)
- 9% Ni Steel (1)
- AC magnetic field (1)
- AGIL (1)
- AM (1)
- AM feature integration (1)
- AZ31 magnesium alloy (1)
- Adaptive welding beam oscillation (1)
- Additive Manufacturing (1)
- Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS) (1)
- Advanced high-strength steel (1)
- Advanced high-strength steels (1)
- Al Mg Si alloys (1)
- Al Ti5B1 (1)
- AlMg0.7SiTiB filler wire (1)
- Alloy 1050A (1)
- Alloy 5083 (1)
- Alloy 6082 (1)
- Aluminium alloy (1)
- Aluminium-Legierung 5083 (1)
- Aluminium/Aluminiumlegierungen (1)
- Aluminum alloy 2024-T3 (1)
- Aluminum alloys (1)
- Aluminum bronze (1)
- Analysis techniques (1)
- Analytical approach (1)
- Anisotropic austenitic steel (1)
- Anisotropic austenitic weld (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Artificial intelligence (1)
- As-shielded arc welding (1)
- Austenitic (1)
- Austenitic welding electrode (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automatisierte Fertigung (1)
- Automobile engineering (1)
- Automobiles (1)
- Automobilindustrie (1)
- Automotive (1)
- Automotive assembly (1)
- Axial force (1)
- Bead-on-plate welds (1)
- Beam attenuation (1)
- Beam welding (1)
- Bending test (1)
- Boundary element method (1)
- Build-up strategy (1)
- Bulge formation (1)
- Bulging (1)
- Bulging effect (1)
- Bulging effects (1)
- C-Mn steels (1)
- CFD model (1)
- CO2 laser (1)
- CO2- and Nd:YAG laser (1)
- Calculation (1)
- Carbon dioxide footprint (1)
- Carbon steels (1)
- Charpy impact toughness (1)
- Cimensional Accuracy (1)
- Clustering (1)
- Coarse grained heat affected zone (1)
- Columnar crystal growth (1)
- Combined processes (1)
- Computer vision (1)
- Condensation (1)
- Condition monitoring (1)
- Continuous cooling transformation diagrams (1)
- Control magnetic field (1)
- Controlled tensile weldability test (1)
- Convolutional neural network (1)
- Corrosion resistance (1)
- Crack growth (1)
- Crash behaviour (1)
- Crater (1)
- Critical strain rate (1)
- Critical strains (1)
- Cryogenic steel (1)
- Crystal branch development (1)
- DED-EB (1)
- DED-LB (1)
- DIC (1)
- DIP transfer (1)
- Damage prediction (1)
- Deep learning (1)
- Deep penetration laser beam welding (1)
- Defects (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Deformation behaviour (1)
- Deformed geometry (1)
- Dendrite growth (1)
- Density measurement (1)
- Deposition rate (1)
- Deposition welding (1)
- Diagnostic of the torch (1)
- Die-cast aluminum (1)
- Die-casted aluminum (1)
- Digital Image Correlation (1)
- Digitalisierung (1)
- Digitalization (1)
- Digitization (1)
- Direct energy deposition (1)
- Directed Energy Depositio (1)
- Discontinuities (1)
- Dissimilar joints (1)
- Dissimilar welding (1)
- Drive pinion (1)
- Drop out of bead (1)
- Duplex nucleation theory (1)
- Duplex steels (1)
- Dynamic fracture tests (1)
- EBAM (1)
- Economic wide technology replacement (1)
- Edge quality (1)
- Eigenspannungen (1)
- Electro-thermomechnical model (1)
- Electrode geometry (1)
- Electromagnetic (1)
- Electromagnetic backing (1)
- Electromagnetic influence (1)
- Electromagnetic rectification (1)
- Electromagnetic stirring (1)
- Electromagnetic support (1)
- Electromagnetic supported degassing (1)
- Electromagnetic weld control (1)
- Electromagnetic weld pool support system (1)
- Elektromagnetische Badstütze (1)
- Elektromagnetische Schmelzbadunterstützung (1)
- Embedded electronics (1)
- Energy density distribution (1)
- Energy dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction (1)
- Energy efficiency (1)
- Energy parameters of the arc (1)
- Environment (1)
- Environmental impact categories (1)
- Epitaxial nucleation (1)
- Equivalent stress concentration factors (1)
- Experimental determination (1)
- Experimental validation (1)
- FEM (1)
- Fair salary (1)
- Fatigue loading (1)
- Ferromagnetic steel (1)
- Ferromagnetic steels (1)
- Ferrous metals and alloys (1)
- Fibre lasers (1)
- Filler wire (1)
- Filler wire mixing (1)
- Fillet welds (1)
- Fine-grained Steel (1)
- Finite Element Method (1)
- Finite element method (1)
- Finite element method (FEM) (1)
- Finite elements analysis (1)
- Flange width (1)
- Flow (1)
- Fluid flow (1)
- Flüssigmetallinduzierte Rissbildung (1)
- Fracture (1)
- Fracture behaviour (1)
- Frequency (1)
- Fresnel reflection (1)
- Friction welding (1)
- Full penetration laser welding (1)
- Full penetration welding (1)
- Functional-analytical solution (1)
- Fusion zone (1)
- Fusion zone profile (1)
- Fusion zone, nickel alloys (1)
- GMA surfacing (1)
- GMA-laser hybrid welding (1)
- GMAW (1)
- GTAW (1)
- Galvanized steel (1)
- Gap bridging (1)
- Gap compensation (1)
- Gaps (1)
- Gas-shielded arc welding (1)
- General analytical solutions (1)
- Gleeble experiments (1)
- Gleeble testing (1)
- Global optimisation (1)
- Grade S960QL steel (1)
- Grain structure (1)
- Greenhouse gas mitigation (1)
- Greens function method (1)
- HAZ crack (1)
- HSLA (1)
- Hardly separable problem (1)
- Heat Input (1)
- Heat Treatment (1)
- Heat generation (1)
- Heat input (1)
- Heat source calibration (1)
- Heat source configuration (1)
- Heat source models (1)
- Heat transfer (1)
- Heißrisse (1)
- High brightness (1)
- High power fibre laser (1)
- High power welding (1)
- High process speeds (1)
- High-Power Welding (1)
- High-power fibre laser (1)
- High-power laser beam (1)
- High-strength fine-grained steels (1)
- High-strength steel sheets (1)
- Higher manganese content (1)
- Highspeed-plasma-laser-cladding (1)
- Hochleistungsschweißen (1)
- Hohlprofilknoten (1)
- Hold time (1)
- Hot Cracks (1)
- Human health (1)
- Hybrid Laser Arc Welding (1)
- Hybrid Laser arc Welding (1)
- Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding (1)
- Hybridschweißen (1)
- Hydrostatic force compensation (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Impact Absorbed Energy (1)
- Impact absorbed energy (1)
- In situ strain (1)
- In-situ synchrotron diffraction (1)
- Inconel 625 (1)
- Inconel 939 (1)
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (1)
- Industrial application (1)
- Industrial parts (1)
- Instumented indentation test (1)
- Integrated alignment features (1)
- Inverse heat conduction problem (1)
- Inverse modelling (1)
- Joint-site structure (1)
- Kaltzähe Stähle (1)
- Kerbspannungskonzept (1)
- Keyhole collapse (1)
- Keyhole mode welding (1)
- Keyhole stability (1)
- Kl (1)
- Körperschall (1)
- LMD (1)
- LME (1)
- Lamé curves (1)
- Lamé curves approximation (1)
- Laser Beam Welding (1)
- Laser Metal Deposition (1)
- Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) (1)
- Laser Powder Bed Fusion (1)
- Laser Welding (1)
- Laser arc-hybrid welding (1)
- Laser beam Welding (1)
- Laser cutting (1)
- Laser implantation (1)
- Laser melting (1)
- Laser metal fusion (1)
- Laser powder bed fusion (1)
- Laser powder cladding (1)
- Laser powder-based directed energy deposition (1)
- Laser surfacing (1)
- Laser-MSG-Hybridschweißen (1)
- Laser-Pulver-Auftragsschweißen (1)
- Laser-metal-deposition (1)
- Laserschweißen (1)
- Life cycle assessment (1)
- Life cycle assessment (LCA) (1)
- Life-cycle assessment (1)
- Lifetime (1)
- Lightweight design (1)
- Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) (1)
- Local fatigue spproaches (1)
- Local reduced pressure (1)
- Lokale Effekte (1)
- Lokale Festigkeit (1)
- Lokale Spannungs-Dehnungskurven (1)
- Low alloy steels (1)
- Low feed rates (1)
- Low heat input GMA welding (1)
- Low heat input Gma welding (1)
- Low transformation temperature (LTT) alloy (1)
- Low transformation temperature filler material (1)
- Lötrissigkeit (1)
- MHD (1)
- MIG welding (1)
- MRO (1)
- MSG-Schweißen (1)
- Magnesium Alloy (1)
- Magnesium alloy (1)
- Magnetfelder (1)
- Magnetic bath support (1)
- Maritime industry (1)
- Martensitbildung (1)
- Martensite kinetic (1)
- Martensite start temperature (1)
- Martensite transformation (1)
- Martensitic transformation (1)
- Matching ferritic filler metal (1)
- Material modeling (1)
- Measurement (1)
- Mechanical Properties (1)
- Mechanical properties of the joints (1)
- Mechanical property (1)
- Mechanical strength (1)
- Mechanical-technological properties (1)
- Mesh analysis (1)
- Metallic vapour plume (1)
- Metallurgische Fragen (1)
- Microcracking (1)
- Microstructure Tensile strength (1)
- Misalignment of edges (1)
- Mobile vacuum (1)
- Model calibration (1)
- Model order reduction (1)
- Model prediction (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modeling of fluid flow (1)
- Modellierung (1)
- Modified varestraint transvarestraint (MVT) hot cracking test (1)
- Molten pool dynamics (1)
- Monitoring systems (1)
- Multi-materials joining (1)
- Multi-pass welding (1)
- Multi-physical modeling (1)
- Multi-regional inputeoutput data (1)
- Multiple reflections (1)
- Multirun welding (1)
- Narrow gap welding (1)
- Neuronales Netz (1)
- Ni-based austenitic filler metal (1)
- Ni-based austenitic welding electrode (1)
- Ni-based superalloy (1)
- NiCrBSi (1)
- Non-destructive testing (1)
- Normen (1)
- Novel metrology (1)
- Novel optical measurement (1)
- Numerical Simulation (1)
- Numerical analysis (1)
- Numerical approach (1)
- Numerical simulations (1)
- Numerical welding simulations (1)
- Numerische Simulation (1)
- Open science (1)
- Open source (1)
- Optical measurement (1)
- Optical measurment technique (1)
- Optimization (1)
- Ortsaufgelöst (1)
- Oscillating magnetic field (1)
- Oscillating vapor plume (1)
- PBF-LB/M (1)
- Particles (1)
- Path planning (1)
- Periodic solidification pattern (1)
- Phase field method (1)
- Pin profile (1)
- Pipe Welding (1)
- Pipe laying (1)
- Pipe weld preparation (1)
- Pipe welding (1)
- Pipeline steel of grade X120 (1)
- Plane crystalization (1)
- Plasma cutting (1)
- Plasma-cut samples (1)
- Plastic deformation (1)
- Plume (1)
- Plume heating (1)
- Poren (1)
- Pores (1)
- Porosity reduction (1)
- Position welding (1)
- Post-welding heat treatment (1)
- Precipitation hardening aluminum alloys (1)
- Prior austenite grain size (1)
- Process chain (1)
- Process combinations (1)
- Process innovations (1)
- Process monitoring and control (1)
- Process procedures (1)
- Process stability (1)
- Proper generalized decomposition (1)
- Prozesskombinationen (1)
- Prozessüberwachung (1)
- Pufferschichten (1)
- Pulsed laser beam welding (1)
- Punktschweißkleben (1)
- Quality monitoring (1)
- Qualität (1)
- RSW (1)
- Ray teacing (1)
- Ray-tracing methods (1)
- Reference lists (1)
- Research data management (1)
- Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) (1)
- Resistance pressure welding (1)
- Resource efficiency (1)
- Retained austenite (1)
- Rissanfälligkeit (1)
- Robots (1)
- SEM (1)
- SMAW (1)
- Schutzgas (1)
- Schweißnahtgeometrie (1)
- Schweißnahtimperfektionen (1)
- Schweißunregelmäßigkeiten (1)
- Secondary heat source (1)
- Selective Laser Melting (1)
- Selektive-laser-melting (1)
- Sensitivitätsanalyse (1)
- Sensor (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Shear strength (1)
- Sheet (1)
- Shielding atmosphere (1)
- Ship building (1)
- Shipbuilding steel (1)
- Shrinkage (1)
- Similar and dissimilar material spot weld (1)
- Simufact.welding (1)
- Single-pass welding (1)
- Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) (1)
- Software (1)
- Spannungs-Dehnungskurve (1)
- Stainless Steel (1)
- Stainless austenitic and duplex steels (1)
- Stainless steel (1)
- Standards (1)
- Steady-state weld pool (1)
- Steel and Al (1)
- Steels (1)
- Stiffness (1)
- Stochastic search method (1)
- Strain field (1)
- Strain fields prediction (1)
- Strain measurement (1)
- Strain rate (1)
- Strain rates (1)
- Strain-rate (1)
- Stress-strain behavior (1)
- Structural stress approach (1)
- Super martensitic filler material (1)
- Superalloy (1)
- Surface cracks (1)
- Surface roughness (1)
- Surface structuring (1)
- Sustainability assessment (1)
- System technology (1)
- TIG welding (1)
- TRIP - transformation induced plasticity (1)
- Tack welding (1)
- Tandem gas metal arc welding (1)
- Tandem welding (1)
- Tear tests (1)
- Technical crack detection (1)
- Temperature distribution (1)
- Temperature field generation (1)
- Tensile Strength (1)
- Tensile properties (1)
- Tensile resistance spot welding experiment (1)
- Tensile strength (1)
- Tensileshear (1)
- Testing method (1)
- Texture (1)
- Thermal energy generation (1)
- Thermal softening (1)
- Thermo physical simulation (1)
- Thermo-fluid dynamics (1)
- Thermography (1)
- Thermomechanical material properties (1)
- Thermophysical material properties (1)
- Thick materials (1)
- Thick plate (1)
- Thick plate welding (1)
- Thick plates (1)
- Thick steel plates (1)
- Thick walled parts (1)
- Thick-Walled Steel (1)
- Thick-plate welding (1)
- Thick-walled Structures (1)
- Thin steel plates (1)
- Three-dimensional crystallization (1)
- Ti3Al2.5V (1)
- Tick plates (1)
- Time-to-solution (1)
- Tool torque (1)
- Torsion (1)
- Toughness (1)
- Transformation induced plasticity (1)
- Transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) (1)
- Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) (1)
- Transient heat transfer (1)
- Traverse force (1)
- Tube welding (1)
- Tubular joints (1)
- Tungsten carbide (1)
- Turbine blade (1)
- Turbine components (1)
- Two-dimensional solidification (1)
- Two-run welding technique (1)
- Ultrasonic C-scan image (1)
- Ultrasonic field (1)
- Ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (1)
- Ultrasonic vibration (1)
- Umweltschutz (1)
- Unalloyed steels (1)
- Unterpulverschweißen (1)
- V groove (1)
- V-notch impact toughness (1)
- Vakuum (1)
- Vapor recondensation (1)
- Vaporization (1)
- Vehicle bodies (1)
- Vehicle construction (1)
- Viscoplasticity (1)
- Volume heat source (1)
- Volumetric heat source (1)
- Wear resistance (1)
- Weld end crater (1)
- Weld imperfections (1)
- Weld metal (1)
- Weld microstructure (1)
- Weld plan modification (1)
- Weld pool (1)
- Weld pool behavior (1)
- Weld pool modeling (1)
- Weld pool stabilization (1)
- Weld pool support (1)
- Weld root (1)
- Weld seam geometry (1)
- Weldbonded joints (1)
- Weldbonding (1)
- Welding Current (1)
- Welding Simulation (1)
- Welding parameter (1)
- Welding process simulation (1)
- Welding residual stress (1)
- Welding residual stresses (1)
- Welding thermal cycle (1)
- Weldx (1)
- Werkstoffranking (1)
- Windkraftanlagen (1)
- Wineglass shape (1)
- Wire electron beam additive manufacturing (1)
- Wire feed laser beam welding (1)
- Wire-based additive manufacturing (1)
- Work-flow (1)
- Wärmequellenkonfiguration (1)
- X-ray computer tomography (1)
- Zinc (1)
- Zinc coated steel (1)
- Zink (1)
- Zinkbeschichtung (1)
- cryogenic steel (1)
- digital image correlation (1)
- dual phase steel (1)
- hardness (1)
- hochfeste Stähle (1)
- local effects (1)
- microstructure (1)
- quality assurance (1)
- sensitivity analysis (1)
- strength (1)
- tensile strength (1)
- vacuum (1)
- welding residual stresses (1)
- Äquivalente Spannungskonzentrationsfaktoren (1)
- Ökobilanz (1)
- Ökonomische und ökologische Vorteile (1)
- ГИДРОДИНАМИКА (1)
- КОНВЕКЦИЯ (1)
- ЛАЗЕРНАЯ СВАРКА (1)
- МЕТОД КОНЕЧНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ (1)
- СВАРОЧНАЯ ВАННА (1)
- ТЕМПЕРАТУРНОЕ ПОЛЕ (1)
- ТЕПЛОПРОВОДНОСТЬ (1)
- ЧИСЛЕННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ (1)
Organisationseinheit der BAM
- 9 Komponentensicherheit (143)
- 9.3 Schweißtechnische Fertigungsverfahren (140)
- 5 Werkstofftechnik (2)
- 5.2 Metallische Hochtemperaturwerkstoffe (2)
- 9.0 Abteilungsleitung und andere (2)
- 5.5 Materialmodellierung (1)
- 7 Bauwerkssicherheit (1)
- 7.7 Modellierung und Simulation (1)
- 9.6 Additive Fertigung metallischer Komponenten (1)
Grain refinement is an important possibility to enhance the mechanical properties such as strength, ductility and toughness of aluminium weld metal. In this study, grain refinement was achieved through the addition of commercial grain refiner Al Ti5B1 to gas tungsten arc weld metal of the aluminium alloys 1050A (Al 99.5) and 5083 (Al Mg4.5Mn0.7). The grain refiner additions led to a significant reduction of the weld metal mean grain size (Alloy 1050A, 86 %; Alloy 5083, 44 %) with a change in grain shape from columnar to equiaxed. Tensile tests showed for Alloy 5083 that the weld metal's ductility can be increased through grain refinement. No improvement in weld metal strength (i.e. yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) was observed. Furthermore, tear tests with notched specimens revealed that the resistance against initiation and propagation of cracks in the weld metal can be enhanced through grain refinement. The toughness was observed to increase clearly by grain refinement in weld metal of commercial pure Al (Alloy 1050A). In Alloy 5083 weld metal, the toughness was not improved through grain refinement, likely because of a semi-continuous network of brittle intermetallic phases that facilitate crack propagation.
Komplexe Bauteile ohne Fügestellen sind die Spezialität additiver Verfahren. Immer deutlicher wird der Wert dieser Technologie für den Turbomaschinenbau, etwa bei der Fertigung von Turbinenschaufeln mit inneren Kühlstrukturen. Wichtig für vorbildgetreue Turbinenkomponenten: Die Technologie ermöglicht die Fertigung von Freiformen und Hinterschnitten, von außen- und innenliegenden filigranen, komplexen Strukturen als Einzelteil - und das in einem einzigen Arbeitsschritt. Des Weiteren benötigen additive Verfahren keine formgebenden Werkzeuge und weisen demnach kürzere Prozessketten im Vergleich zu konventionellen Herstellungsverfahren auf. Wirtschaftliche Vorteile kommen vor allem bei kleinen Losgrößen und Bauteilabmessungen zur Geltung.
In diesem Artikel werden am Beispiel einer Turbinenschaufel Schlüsseltechnologien einer additiven Prozesskette gezeigt. Zunächst erfolgt die additive Fertigung einer Turbinenschaufel mittels Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Das Verfahren ermöglicht die Integration innenliegender Kühlkanäle. An dieser Schaufel wird anschließend mittels Laser-PulverAuftragschweißen (LPA) die Reparatur unterschiedlicher Beschädigungen demonstriert. Im nächsten Schritt der Prozesskette bietet ein optischer 3D-Scan der Schaufel die Möglichkeit zur Qualitätskontrolle und zum Vergleich der Bauteilabmessungen mit der Sollgeometrie.
Modeling of gas metal arc welding process using an analytically determined volumetric heat source
(2013)
High peak temperature and continuous deposition of electrode droplets in the weld puddle inhibit real-time monitoring of thermal cycles and bead dimensions in gas metal arc welding. A three-dimensional numerical heat transfer model is presented here to compute temperature field and bead dimensions considering a volumetric heat source to account for the transfer of arc energy into the weld pool. The heat source dimensions are analytically estimated as function of welding conditions and original joint geometry. The deposition of electrode material is modeled using deactivation and activation of discrete elements in a presumed V-groove joint geometry. The computed values of bead dimensions and thermal cycles are validated with the corresponding measured results. A comparison of the analytically estimated heat source dimensions and the corresponding numerically computed bead dimensions indicate that the former could rightly serve as the basis for conduction heat transfer based models of gas metal arc welding process.
During laser beam welding of aluminum alloys an electromagnetic field may favour pore outgassing through the top oxide layer. High frequencies cause a small penetration depth and thus exert a stabilizing effect on the weld surface. The point at which the laser beam between the two magnetic poles hits the workpiece surface is crucial to the influence of the magnetic field on the weld surface roughness. Using analyzed parameters for different laser points of application cause a change in weld surface roughness could be observed. The weld surface roughness could be reduced by 50%. The outgassing effect in terms of a reduction of pores could be observed for all parameter sets investigated.
Unter den rauen Bedingungen in der Automobilkarosseriefertigung lassen sich schweißbedingte Imperfektionen wie Risse beim Widerstandspunktschweißen von hochfesten Stählen nicht immer vermeiden. Dabei ist der Einfluss solcher Risse auf die Schwingfestigkeit insbesondere von modernen hochfesten austenitischen Stählen derzeit nicht hinreichend bekannt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde daher der Einfluss von Schweißrissen verschiedener Lage und Ausbildung untersucht. Dabei konnte durch die Analyse der normierten Steifigkeitsverläufe von Proben sowie durch die Gegenüberstellung der Versagensschwingspielzahlen nachgewiesen werden, dass die spritzerfrei erzeugten Oberflächenrisse im Zentrum, im Übergangsbereich sowie im Randbereich der Schweißlinse keinen negativen Einfluss auf die Schwingfestigkeit des hier untersuchten hochfesten austenitischen Werkstoffs haben. Proben, die mit Schweißspritzern hergestellt wurden und Risse im Randbereich aufweisen, zeigen deutliche höhere Versagensschwingspielzahlen als rissfreie Referenzproben. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In the rough conditions in the fabrication of automobile bodies, it is not always possible to avoid welding-induced imperfections such as cracks during the resistance spot welding of highstrength steels. In this respect, the influence of such cracks on the fatigue strength particularly of modern high-strength austenitic steels is not sufficiently well-known at present. The influence of welding cracks with various positions and formations was therefore investigated within the framework of this paper. In this case, the analysis of the standardised stiffness courses of specimens and the comparison of the numbers of failure stress cycles served to prove that the surface cracks produced without any spatter in the centre, interfacial region and peripheral region of the weld nugget do not have any negative influence on the fatigue strength of the high-strength austenitic material investigated here. Specimens which were manufactured with welding spatter and exhibit cracks in the peripheral region show considerably higher numbers of failure stress cycles than crack-free reference specimens.
In various applications, welding-induced residual stresses have a substantial impact on the integrity of welded constructions. Tensile residual stress can promote stress-corrosion cracking, brittle fracture, and reduces the fatigue life in service, as well as influences component design due to critical stress concentrations within the component.
In the present paper, a six bead multi-pass gas metal arc weld of 20 mm thick structural steel S355J2+N is experimentally and numerically investigated. The studies include transient 2D and 3D numerical calculations which consider temperature-dependent material properties, phase transformations, 'thermal' tempering, transformation plasticity, volume change due to phase transformation, an elasticplastic material model, and isotropic strain hardening. The experimentally determined and calculated residual stresses are in a good agreement. Furthermore, the influence of the preheat and interpass temperature on welding-induced residual stresses is shown in the present investigation.
Longitudinal residual stresses in beam welds ranging at the value of the local yield strength can diminish the lifespan of components. To extend the service life of welds special methods of welding residual stress reduction were developed earlier which are however not effective for beam welds in complex component geometries. Application of beam welding sources for postwelding heat treatment of components has become a flexible tool for reducing longitudinal stresses in beam welds. Such heat treatment in a specific transversal distance to the weld by a defocused beam results in huge stress reductions depending on the used process parameters. Experimental results for ferritic and austenitic steels reveal weld stress reductions to up to compressive stresses. For different materials and diverse material thicknesses special process parameter regions have to be used in this procedure. At a transmission component this procedure shows a stress reduction by >300 MPa.
This article studies the three dimensional transient weld pool dynamics and the influence of groove angle on welding of low carbon structural steel plates using the ForceArc® process. The deformation of the weld bead is also calculated with an accurate coupling of the heat transfer with fluid flow through continuity, momentum and the energy equations combined with the effect of droplet impingement, gravity, electromagnetic force, buoyancy, drag forces and surface tension force (Marangoni effect). Different angles of V groove are employed under the same welding parameters and their influence on the weld pool behavior and weld bead geometry is calculated and analyzed, which is needed for subsequent calculations of residual stress and distortion of the workpiece.
Such a simulation is an effective way to study welding processes because the influence of all welding parameters can be analyzed separately with respect to heat transfer, weld pool dynamic, and microstructure of the weld. Good agreement is found between the predicted and experimentally determined weld bead cross-section and temperature cycles. It is found that the main flow pattern is more or less the same although the groove angle increases, but it will evoke larger amount of fluid to flow downward to get deeper penetration.
Schweißzugeigenspannungen in Strahlschweißnähten auf Höhe der lokalen Werkstoffstreckgrenze können die Bauteileigenschaften sowie deren Lebensdauer beeinflussen. Die Nutzung der Schweißquelle für eine nachträgliche Behandlung der geschweißten Bauteile bietet eine kostengünstige und flexible Methode zur Reduzierung dieser Spannungen. Dabei wird durch einen oszillierenden defokussierten Elektronen- bzw. Laserstrahl der Werkstoff beidseitig der Schweißnaht auf mehrere hundert Grad Celsius erwärmt, um dort zusätzliche Zugspannungsbereiche hervorzurufen. Die so erzeugten Längszugspannungszonen führen zu einer mechanischen Entlastung der Schweißnaht. Experimentelle Messungen zeigen, dass die Längseigenspannungen in der Schweißnaht mit diesem Verfahren um bis zu 70% reduziert werden können. Hierbei wurde neben der experimentellen Untersuchung dieses Verfahrens an Linearnähten an 5 mm dicken Blechen des Werkstoffs S355J2+N auch eine umfassende Analyse der Einflüsse der Verfahrensparameter auf die Spannungsreduktion mittels FEMSimulation durchgeführt. Anhand der Ergebnisse wird der Entlastungsmechanismus diskutiert. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual tensile welding stresses in beam welds at the level of the local yield strength of the material may influence the properties of components as well as their service lives. The utilisation of the welding source for the subsequent treatment of the welded components offers a cost-favourable and flexible method of reducing these stresses. In this respect, an oscillating defocused electron or laser beam serves to heat the material on both sides of the weld up to several hundred degrees Celsius in order to induce additional tensile stress regions there. The longitudinal tensile stress zones produced in this way lead to the mechanical relief of the weld. Experimental measurements show that the longitudinal residual stresses in the weld can be reduced by up to 70% with this process. In this case, not only was the experimental investigation into this process conducted on linear welds on 5 mm thick sheets made of the S355J2+N material but a comprehensive analysis of the influences of the process parameters on the stress reduction was also made by means of FEM simulation. The relief mechanism is discussed on the basis of the results.
In the rough conditions in the fabrication of automobile bodies, it is not always possible to avoid welding-induced imperfections such as cracks during the resistance spot welding of high-strength steels. In this respect, the influence of such cracks on the fatigue strength particularly of modern high-strength austenitic steels is not sufficiently well-known at present. The influence of welding cracks with various positions and formations was therefore investigated within the framework of this paper. In this case, the analysis of the standardised stiffness courses of specimens and the comparison of the numbers of failure stress cycles served to prove that the surface cracks produced without any spatter in the centre, interfacial region and peripheral region of the weld nugget do not have any negative influence on the fatigue strength of the high-strength austenitic material investigated here. Specimens which were manufactured with welding spatter and exhibit cracks in the peripheral region show considerably higher numbers of failure stress cycles than crack-free reference specimens.
Die aktuelle Normung bezüglich mikroskopischer Untersuchungen von Schweißverbindungen und die Zulässigkeit von Mikrorissen sowie deren Definition ist nicht eindeutig. Nach der Darstellung derzeit gültiger Normen im Bereich der Bewertung von Schweißnähten, Qualifizierung von Schweißverfahren und Ausführung von Schweißverbindungen, wird auf Grundlage aktueller Schweißversuche an hochfesten vergüteten Feinkornbaustählen die Problematik von Mikrorissen diskutiert. Offene Punkte und Fragen bzw. Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten werden aufgezeigt und zur Diskussion gestellt. Schließlich wird auf die Klärung des Einflusses von Mikrorissen auf die mechanisch- technologischen Werkstoffkennwerte der Schweißverbindung unter statischer sowie zyklischer Beanspruchung hingewiesen. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Neither the latest standardisation with regard to microscopic investigations on welded joints nor the permissibility of microcracks and their definition are unambiguous. According to the representation of currently applicable standards in the fields of the assessment of welds, the qualification of welding processes and the execution of welded joints, the problems associated with microcracks are discussed on the basis of the latest welding tests on high-strength quenched-and-tempered fine-grained structural steels. Not only outstanding points and questions but also improvement possibilities are indicated and opened for discussion. Finally, attention is drawn to the clarification of the influence of microcracks on the mechanical- technological material parameters of the welded joint subjected to both static and cyclic stresses.
Schweißzugeigenspannungen in Strahlschweißnähten auf Höhe der lokalen Werkstoffstreckgrenze können die Bauteileigenschaften sowie deren Lebensdauer negativ beeinflussen. Die Nutzung der Schweißquelle für eine nachträgliche Behandlung der geschweißten Bauteile bietet eine kostengünstige und flexible Methode zur Reduzierung dieser Spannungen. Dabei wird durch einen oszillierenden defokussierten Elektronen- bzw. Laserstrahl, der Werkstoff beidseitig der Schweißnaht auf mehrere hundert Grad Celsius erwärmt, um dort zusätzliche Zugspannungsbereiche hervorzurufen. Die so erzeugten Längszugspannungszonen führen zu einer mechanischen Entlastung der Schweißnaht. Experimentelle Messungen der Längseigenspannungen an linearen Elektronen- und Laserstrahlschweißnähten im ersten Teil des Beitrags zeigten, dass die Spannungen mit diesem Verfahren um bis zu 70% reduziert werden können. In weiteren experimentellen Untersuchungen wird dieses Verfahren für kompliziertere Schweißnahtgeometrien getestet. An axialen sowie radialen Rundnähten an ferritischen Werkstoffen konnten ebenfalls hohe Spannungsreduktionen von über 50% erzielt werden. Zudem wurde dieses Verfahren mit einer für das Schweißen üblichen Laserstrahlschweißoptik ohne Scan-Funktion geprüft. Hierbei zeigte das Wärmebehandeln in zwei Arbeitsschritten noch größere Spannungsreduktionen im Vergleich zur Anwendung einer Laserstrahlscanneroptik zur quasisimultanen Wärmebehandlung auf beiden Seiten der Schweißnaht. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual tensile welding stresses in beam welds at the level of the local yield strength of the material may influence the properties of components as well as their service lives. The utilisation of the welding source for the subsequent treatment of the welded components offers a cost-favourable and flexible method of reducing these stresses. In this respect, an oscillating defocused electron or laser beam serves to heat the material on both sides of the weld up to several hundred degrees Celsius in order to induce additional tensile stress regions there. The longitudinal tensile stress zones produced in this way lead to the mechanical relief of the weld. Experimental measurements of the longitudinal residual stresses on linear electron and laser beam welds in the first part of the article showed that the stresses can be reduced by up to 70% with this process. In further experimental investigations, this process is tested for more complicated weld geometries. It was also possible to achieve great reductions in the stresses (over 50%) on both axial and radial circular welds on ferritic materials. Moreover, this process was tested with laser beam welding optics which are customary for welding and do not perform a scanning function. In this respect, the heat treatment in two work steps showed even greater reductions in the stresses in comparison with the application of laser beam scanner optics for quasi-simultaneous heat treatment on both sides of the weld.
IIW-2326
Austenitic and austenitic-ferritic CrMnNi-stainless steels are suitable materials in the transport and automotive industry due to their high corrosion resistance and high strength that allows weight and cost savings. This study focuses on the laser weldability of a commercial lean duplex and an austenitic high manganese stainless steel. The impact of different laser sources, i.e. a 5 kW CO2- and a 4 kW Nd:YAG-laser, and of the main process parameters on the resulting weld quality will be investigated. One important aspect will concern the appearance of weld defects such as pores and hot cracks. The factors causing such internal imperfections will be analysed in order to find effective methods for preventing them. Weld microstructure and the associated corrosion and mechanical properties will be assessed with different techniques and adequate process parameters for high quality welds will be determined. The advantages and limitations of the applied welding processes will be evaluated for future applications.
Influence of solute content and solidification parameters on grain refinement of aluminum weld metal
(2013)
Grain refinement provides an important possibility to enhance the mechanical properties (e.g., strength and ductility) and the weldability (susceptibility to solidification cracking) of aluminum weld metal. In the current study, a filler metal consisting of aluminum base metal and different amounts of commercial grain refiner Al Ti5B1 was produced. The filler metal was then deposited in the base metal and fused in a GTA welding process. Additions of titanium and boron reduced the weld metal mean grain size considerably and resulted in a transition from columnar to equiaxed grain shape (CET). In commercial pure aluminum (Alloy 1050A), the grain-refining efficiency was higher than that in the Al alloys 6082 and 5083. Different welding and solidification parameters influenced the grain size response only slightly. Furthermore, the observed grain-size reduction was analyzed by means of the undercooling parameter P and the growth restriction parameter Q, which revealed the influence of solute elements and nucleant particles on grain size.
For differentiating the applicability of various numerical welding simulation methods as well as unifying the prerequisites and the steps to be taken in simulation, normative codes are required for the user. Since any standard-like documents are currently still lacking in this field, the DIN German Institute for Standardization in partnership with the Research Association of DVS German Welding Society have set up a standards committee dealing with the preparation of respective documents.
This article focuses on the presentation of the new DIN Spec 32534-1 explaining the major simulation steps and specifying the application fields and the key terms of welding simulation. In addition, a generally valid simulation structure has been established which is intended to serve as a recommendation for customers and suppliers in formulating and handling a service order as well as for persons who start doing welding simulation for the first time. It additionally gives an overview of the other subject areas dealt with in the standards committee as well as of the international activities in this field.
In lightweight car body shell mass production, due to requirements on vehicle weight reduction and carbon dioxide emissions, joining of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) with different joining procedures and especially hybrid bonding techniques is becoming more and more important. One of these hybrid bonding techniques is the combination of resistance spot welding and adhesive bonding called weldbonding. One of the important advantages of weldbonded joints in comparison to resistance spot welded joints are the enhanced mechanical properties. To guarantee sufficiently high quality conditions regarding the strength of the weldbonded joints, the influences of the applied adhesive systems and of different base metal combinations are studied. This is carried out for both non-corrosive and corrosive environments and for the choice of different joining parameters settings. In particular, the mechanical behaviour of the weldbonded joints is investigated under quasi-static, impact and fatigue loads. Furthermore, the energy absorption of the weldbonded joints for both non-corrosive and corrosive environments is studied. It is shown that the weldbonded joints possess higher mechanical strengths in all load cases (quasi-static, impact and fatigue). Corrosive attack affects weldbonded joints, and the quasi-static strength is reduced. Resistance spot welded joints are not affected by the corrosive attack, but even after several weeks of corrosive attack, the quasi-static strength of weldbonded joints remains higher than that of resistance spot welded joints.
The results of numerical welding simulations strongly depend on its temperature field. In the present paper, the temperature field of a pulsed gas metal arc weld of structural steel S355J2+N (ASTM A572 Gr. 50) with a thickness of 5 mm is experimentally and numerically investigated. In the case of temperature field validation, volumetric Gauss and double-ellipsoid Goldak heat sources are applied. Additionally, different heat source configurations, including adaptations of thermal conductivity, are analyzed regarding their influence on the calculation of welding-induced distortion.
The investigations clarify the influence of heat source configurations on the calculated results, thus, contribute to an improved prediction of welding-induced distortion.
In-situ analysis of solid state phase transformation in TRIP-aided steels by synchrotron diffraction
(2011)
Energy dispersive synchrotron diffraction (EDXRD) analysis and 3 dimensional digital image correlations were conducted to investigate the stress and strain effected transformation behavior during tensile loading of low alloyed TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel. This technique allowed for phase specific stress measurement during certain tensile load steps in the elastic and also plastic regime. Additionally the simultaneous determination of the load dependent phase content was realized. The results show that the martensite transformation starts only after exceeding the overall yield point and is finished before reaching the uniform elongation, whereas a large portion of the austenite remains unchanged in the structure. Furthermore, the martensite transformation related to the stress in the γ-phase and α-phase was analyzed and quantified.