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Instrumented measurements on radioactive waste disposal containers during experimental drop testing
(2011)
In context with disposal container safety assessment of containers for radioactive waste the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) performed numerous drop tests in the last years. The tests were accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers. The instrumentation of a specimen is an important tool to evaluate its mechanical behavior during impact. Test results as deceleration-time and strain-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of calculations based on finite-element methods. Strain gauges are useful to determine the time dependent magnitude of any deformation and the associated stresses. Accelerometers are widely used for the measuring of motion i.e. speed or the displacement of the rigid cask body, vibration and shock events. In addition high-speed video technique can be used to visualize and analyze the kinematical impact scenario by motion analysis. The paper describes some selected aspects on instrumented measurements and motion analysis in context with low level radioactive waste (LLW) container drop testing
The paper presents technical details of the drop test performance as well as some experimental results of tests carried out with the Japanese 'Yoyushindo-disposal' waste container for intermediate depth disposal. The tests were accompanied by various metrology to collect data as basis for safety assessment.
Internal cask content collisions during drop test of transport casks for radioactive materials
(2013)
In transport casks for radioactive materials, significantly large axial and radial gaps between cask and internal content are often present because of certain specific geometrical dimensions of the content (e.g. spent fuel elements) or thermal reasons. The possibility of inner relative movement between content and cask will increase if the content is not fixed. During drop testing, these movements can lead to internal cask content collisions, causing significantly high loads on the cask components and the content itself. Especially in vertical drop test orientations onto a lid side of the cask, an internal collision induced by a delayed impact of the content onto the inner side of the lid can cause high stress peaks in the lid and the lid bolts with the risk of component failure as well as impairment of the leak tightness of the closure system. This paper reflects causes and effects of the phenomenon of internal impact on the basis of experimental results obtained from instrumented drop tests with transport casks and on the basis of analytical approaches. Furthermore, the paper concludes the importance of consideration of possible cask content collisions in the safety analysis of transport casks for radioactive materials under accident conditions of transport.
A management system based on international, national or other standards acceptable to the competent authority shall be established and implemented for all activities including design, manufacture, testing, documentation, use, maintenance, inspection in accordance with IAEA SSR-6. Hereby, quality assured testing and documentation can substantially contribute to the demonstration of package design compliance with the regulations. Nowadays, a drop test campaign within the approval process of packages for radioactive materials can be a very complex and extensive project including various test and measurement techniques. On this basis of procedures and documents the experimental tests of packages and containers are performed with quality proofed results and a high reliability. A complete traceability and direct transferability of package design test results can give particular importance to the type approval procedure.
In context with new cask designs and their approval procedure, the experimental testing of impact limiters under drop test conditions becomes more and more important in order to assess the damage mechanics behaviour and safety margins for validation reasons. In recent years, various designs of impact limiters have been tested by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing within specific component testing and particularly with regard to type B package design approval procedures. The paper focuses on the experimental realisation of impact limiter tests and presents implemented measurement techniques to determine the amount of deformation and to explain the impact behaviour by means of photogrammetric metrology and three-dimensional fringe projection method, high speed motion analysis and adjusted deceleration measurements.
In context with new cask designs and their approval procedure the experimental testing of impact limiters under drop test conditions becomes more and more important in order to assess the damage mechanics behavior and safety margins for validation reasons.
In recent years various designs of impact limiters have been tested by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) within specific component testing and particularly with regard to type B package design approval procedures.
The paper focuses on the experimental realization of impact limiter tests and presents implemented measurement techniques to determine the amount of deformation and to explain the impact behavior by means of photogrammetric metrology and 3-d fringe projection method, high-speed motion analysis and adjusted deceleration measurements.
BAM safety related research of containers for radioactive material focuses on advanced mechanical safety assessment methods for verification of the structural integrity and leak tightness under normal conditions of transport and hypothetical accident conditions during transport and storage. An essentially unyielding target with a rigid surface is required for impact tests performed for package approval according to IAEA regulations. In addition to specification of a target, e.g. with a combined mass more than 10 times that of the specimen for drop tests, unyielding target characteristics have been investigated with various package designs and different impact tests. The unyielding target of the BAM drop test facility, a reinforced concrete block together with an embedded and anchored mild steel plate, provides relatively large mass and stiffness with respect to the packages being tested. For monitoring reasons accelerometers and strain gauges are embedded in the concrete block of the foundation at several positions. Additionally, dynamic impact responses like vibrations and rigid body motion can be measured by seismic accelerometers. The mechanical characterisation of the target's rigidity is based on experimental results from various drop tests. Test containers with weights of 181 000 kg, 127 000 kg and 8010 kg hit the target with velocities up to 13·5 m s-1 in the horizontal and vertical drop positions. The rigidity of the impact target can be demonstrated with experimental results confirmed by analytical approaches. Some conclusions can be drawn about experimental testing as well as analytical calculations in order to compare impact effects.
This paper presents technical details of the drop test performance as well as some experimental results of tests carried out with the Japanese 'Yoyushindo-Disposal' waste container for intermediate depth disposal. The drop test program comprised three single 8 m drop tests at the specimen's corner edge orientation onto a concrete slab. The slab was connected to the unyielding IAEA target of the BAM's 200 t drop test facility. The three tested specimens had masses between 20 000 and 28 000 kg depending on their content mass. The tests were accompanied by various metrology, such as strain and deceleration measurements, optical three-dimensional deformation methods, leak tightness testing and test installation for potential particle release measurements to collect a set of data for establishing a basis for safety assessment.