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The long-term sealing behavior of metal seals, assembled in the lid system of casks for transportation and storage of radioactive materials, has been investigated. For that purpose, phenomenological models describing the time- and temperature dependent behavior have been introduced by BAM since 2016, e.g. by using the time-temperature superposition principle. Results have shown that these models describe the relaxation behavior adequately and are suitable for extrapolations. In this work, the applicability of these models is checked by analyzing the necessary scope of tests, which must be carried out to get sufficient information about the long-term behavior of metal seals based on short-term tests.
For the application of the time-temperature superposition principle a suitable relation is needed to describe the time-temperature shift factor α. Therefore, the Arrhenius equation is widely used due to its simple form and often leads to suitable results. Where, the Arrhenius equation presents a linear relation for the temperature-dependent shift factor in logarithmic scale ln(α) with the absolute inverse temperature (1/ϑ). However, in cases with a large temperature range which eventually include more complex reaction processes, the functional relation between ln(α) and (1/ϑ) is nonlinear in the ‘Arrhenius plot’. In those cases, the monotone change of the nonlinear range in the ‘Arrhenius plot’ can be interpreted as a transient range between two approximately linear or constant regions. An extended application of the modified Arrhenius equation from Nakamura (1989) is presented in this study for this transient range. The introduced method was applied to describe the time-temperature equivalence in the relaxation analysis of restoring seal force of metal seals, which are used in lid-systems of transport and interim storage casks for radioactive materials. But, the method is widely valid and can be used for different objectives which are characterized by thermorheologically simple behavior with nonlinear sensitivity to inverse temperature.
In der Wissenschaft und Technik gibt es verschiedene Gründe, um auf Basis geeigneter Modelle in die Zukunft schauen zu wollen, beispielsweise um zu bewerten, ob ein Bauteil auch noch deutlich länger verwendet werden kann als eigentlich einmal vorgesehen. Eine Methode dieses zu tun, basiert auf dem Zeit-Temperatur-Äquivalenz-Prinzip, welches besagt, dass ein Zustand oder eine Materialeigenschaft gleichwertig bei verschiedenen Zeit-Temperatur-Kombinationen auftritt oder erreicht werden kann. Höhere Temperaturen verkürzen in der Regel die Dauer und umgekehrt. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich ein umfangreiches Methodenspektrum für unterschiedliche Werkstoffe und Anwendungsgebiete entwickelt, sodass die Identifikation einer geeigneten Methode für einen konkreten Anwendungsfall oder neue Materialien eine Herausforderung darstellt. These: „Fortschrittlich wäre, existierende Methoden zusammenzuführen, methodenspezifische Vorteile zu kombinieren, um mit geringerem Aufwand ein geeignetes Prognosemodell zu entwickeln.“
Für metallische Werkstoffe und Polymere verläuft die Entwicklung von Prognosemodellen mit Zeit-Temperatur-Korrelation seit ca. 1940 parallel und unabhängig voneinander. In diesem Zusammenhang bekannte Methoden sind das Zeit-Temperatur-Superpositionsprinzip und Zeit-Temperatur-Parameter, wie der LARSON-MILLER-Parameter. Die jeweiligen methodischen Ansätze sind in der Regel anwendungs- und materialspezifisch und nur einzelnen Fachartikeln zu entnehmen. Eine zusammenführende thematische Übersicht und Untersuchung existierender Methoden wurden bislang nicht publiziert. Diese Forschungsarbeit verfolgt dahingehend einen neuartigen methodischen Ansatz und zeigt untersuchte Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede als auch Analogien für das Zeit-Temperatur-Superpositionsprinzip und Zeit-Temperatur-Parameter anhand bestimmter Merkmale auf. Dafür wurden verschiedene analytische und grafische Ansätze verwendet. Ferner wird eine zusammenführende Untersuchung anhand eines rheologischen Materialmodells sowie anhand eines praktischen Anwendungsbeispiels gezeigt. Hergeleitet wurde u. a., dass das Prinzip der Zeit-Temperatur-Superposition für sogenanntes thermorheologisch einfaches und komplexes Verhalten konkreten Zeit-Temperatur-Parametern zugeordnet werden können. Und dadurch Verschiebefunktionen nicht nur in Abhängigkeit der Temperatur, sondern auch abhängig vom Zustand untersucht und definiert werden können. Ferner ermöglicht eine Skalierung der Zeit-Temperatur-Parameter auf eine Referenztemperatur physikalisch anschaulichere Auswertungen analog zum Zeit-Temperatur-Superpositionsprinzip. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass sich für einen konkreten Anwendungsfall die geeignetste Zeit-Temperatur-Äquivalenz-Methode aus einer gegenseitigen Abhängigkeit bzw. Kompatibilität einzelner Elemente, wie zugrunde gelegte Daten, Koordinatenachsenskalierung, ermittelte Zeit-Temperatur-Äquivalenz, Masterfunktionsansatz und der geforderten Interpolationsgüte herleitet.
Der gewählte Forschungsansatz und die erzielten Ergebnisse bieten eine Plattform für die weitere Entwicklung von Prognosemodellen auf Basis des Zeit-Temperatur-Äquivalenz-Prinzips, insbesondere im Hinblick auf eine Zusammenführung und Kombination existierender Methoden.
Metal seals are widely used for extreme applications, e.g. in dual-purpose casks for dry interim storage of spent nuclear fuel in Germany. Due to the fact that interim storage must be safe at least for the approved period of 40 years there is a major interest to investigate the long-term behaviour and ageing mechanisms of metal seals. Experimental analyses indicate a time and temperature dependency of seal characteristics. This dependency was researched with a time- and temperature parameterization based up on Larson-Miller. The paper describes the derivation of the material parameter C from test results and the applicability of the Larson-Miller-Relationship for those metal seals in principle. Overall a constant material parameter C was not. Nevertheless, an approach comparable to the Larson-Miller-Parameter was developed.
Metal seals are in common use as an essential component for the leak tight closure of transport and storage casks for spent fuel and vitrified high active waste from reprocessing. They are placed between the massive monolithic cask body made of ductile cast iron or forged steel and the primary and secondary lids, which are fixed with screws around the lid circumference, in order to ensure long term safe enclosure of the radioactive cask inventory. Hereby, long term reliable pressure forces in combination with a tight surface contact are as important as well maintained seal and surface qualities and dry and clean conditions during seal assembly and operation. A few years ago BAM started systematic investigation on the long term seal behavior with re-spect to longer storage periods and seal behavior in accidental cask scenarios with dynamic de-formations of the seal groove geometry or short term drop in pressure force up to lid lifting. BAM has developed test flanges for seals with full scale cross section diameter but much small-er outer diameter to gain representative data for metal-sealed lid systems. They are placed in appropriate testing machines for relevant mechanical loading under static and dynamic condi-tions with the ability to measure the standard helium leakage rate continuously during each test phase. This paper focuses on BAM long term tests of different seal types with aluminum and silver jackets at three different temperatures of +20°C, +100°C and +150°C under static conditions over longer periods of time. Due to creeping effects, a reduction of the pressure force does ap-pear during loading and unloading depending on prior holding times. So far, test results of up to 2 years indicate a clear correlation between seal pressure forces and holding time, temperature and seal type allowing for extrapolating to much longer periods of time. The paper presents basic correlations, test and evaluation procedures as well as important provisional results and gives an outlook on further investigations.
Dual purpose casks for the transportation and storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive materials require very high leak tightness of lid closure systems under accident conditions as well as in the long term to prevent activity release. For that purpose metal seals of specific types with an inner helical spring and outer metal liners are widely used and have shown their excellent performance if certain quality assurance requirements for fabrication and assembling are satisfied. Well defined surface roughness, clean and dry inert conditions are therefore essential. No seal failure in a loaded cask happened under these conditions until today. Nevertheless, the considered and licensed operation period is limited and all safety assessments have been performed and approved for this period of time which is 40 years in Germany so far. However, in the meantime longer storage periods might be necessary for the future and therefore additional material data will be required. BAM is involved in the qualification and evaluation procedures of those seals from the early beginning. Because long term tests are always time consuming BAM has early decided to perform additional tests with specific test seal configurations to gain a better understanding of the long term behaviour with regard to seal pressure force, leakage rate and useable resilience which is safety relevant mainly in case of accidental mechanical loads inside a storage facility or during a subsequent transport. Main test parameters are the material of the outer seal jacket (silver or aluminium) and the temperature. This paper presents the BAM test program including an innovative test mock-up and most recent test results. Based on these data extrapolation models to extended time periods are discussed, and also future plans to continue tests and to investigate seal behaviour for additional test parameters are explained.
Dual purpose casks for the transportation and storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive materials require very high leak-tightness of lid closure Systems under accident conditions as well as in the long-term to prevent activity release. For that purpose metal seals of specific types with an inner helical spring and outer metal liners are widely used and have shown their excellent performance if certain quality assurance requirements for fabrication and assembling are satisfied. Well defined surface roughness, clean and dry inert conditions are therefore essential. No seal failure in a loaded cask happened under these conditions until today.
Nevertheless, the considered and licensed Operation period is limited and all safety assessments have been performed and approved for this period of time which is 40 years in Germany so far. But in the meantime longer storage periods might be necessary for the future and therefore additional material data will be required. BAM is involved in the qualification and evaluation procedures of those seals from the early beginning. Because long-term tests are always time consuming BAM has early decided to perform additional tests with specific test seal configurations to gain a better understanding of the long-term behavior with regard to seal pressure force, leakage rate and useable resilience which is safety relevant mainly in case of accidental mechanical loads inside a storage facility or during a subsequent transport. Main test parameters are the material of the outer seal jacket (silver or aluminum) and the temperature. This paper presents the BAM test program including an innovative test mock-up and most recent test results. Based on these data extrapolation models to extended time periods are discussed, and also future plans to continue tests and to investigate seal behavior for additional test parameters are explained.