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- Emission test chamber (8)
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- Volatile organic compounds (3)
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- Indoor air (2)
- Lindan (2)
- PCP (2)
- Photocatalysis (2)
Eingeladener Vortrag
- nein (7)
Durch eine Kombination von naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungsmethoden war es möglich, mit Holzschutzmittel belastete Materialien in einer zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe gehörenden Kirche, der Friedenskirche in Swidnica (Polen), zu identifizieren. Ein screening mit einer mobilen Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) lieferte erste Hinweise auf die Anwendung dieser Mittel an Holzkonstruktionen. Untersuchungen von Holzproben in einer Mikrokammer (µ-CTE) bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen mit anschließender Gaschromatographie und massenspektrometrischer Detektion (GC/MS/MS) ermöglichten einen qualitativen und quantitativen Nachweis von Pentachlorphenol (PCP) und Lindan. Weiterhin erfolgte eine aktive Luftprobenahme auf Tenaxröhrchen mit anschließender Thermodesorption und GC/MS-Analyse. In Staubproben aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Kirche wurden Wirkstoffe aus Holzschutzmitteln nachgewiesen. Untersuchungen im Rasterelektronenmikroskop mit EDX lieferten Hinweise auf schadstoffbelastete Partikel im Staub.
Die evangelische Friedenskirche in Schweidnitz (Polen) ist ein besonderes Zeugnis des deutsch-polnischen und damit europäischen Kulturerbes. Deshalb wurde sie auch 2001 einstimmig vom UNESCO-Komitee in die Liste des Kultur- und Naturerbes der Welt aufgenommen. Sie stellt ein einmaliges Denkmal des hoch entwickelten schlesischen Fachwerk- und Holzbaues aus dem 17. Jahrhundert dar. Im Rahmen einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit zwischen Fachleuten aus Deutschland und Polen erfolgte die fachgerechte Restaurierung von 39 Fensterverglasungen und Rahmen mit dem Ziel, eine Abdichtung des Kirchenraumes gegen eine zeitweilig zu feuchte und mit Schadstoffen angereicherte Außenluft zu erreichen. Die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung in Berlin führte Untersuchungen zu den klimatischen Bedingungen im Kirchentraum durch, um für die Kunstschätze nachhaltig verträgliche Bedingungen zu sichern. In der Friedenkirche war, wie auch in vielen anderen Bauwerken, in den 70-er und 80-er Jahren des 20. Jh. das Holzschutzmittel Xylamon verwendet worden. Neben der Gefahr für die sensiblen Materialien der Kunstwerke ist durch Holzschutzmittel auch ein Einfluss auf die Gesundheit von im Kirchenraum befindlichen Personen nicht auszuschließen. Mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher Untersuchungsmethoden konnten Emissionen aus Holzschutzmitteln und ihre Verbreitung im Kircheninneren nachgewiesen werden.
Recent research into emissions of (semi-)volatile organic compounds [(S)VOC] from solid materials has focused on the development of suitable reference materials for quality assurance/quality control of emission test chamber measurements, which fulfill requirements such as homogenous and reproducible (S)VOC release. The approach of this study was to find a method for preparation of a material with predictable (S)VOC emission rates. AVOC (styrene) and an SVOC (2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene, DIPN), loaded into either vacuum grease or a 1:1 mixture of paraffin/squalane, have been tested. For the prediction of the emission rates, a model using the finite element method (FEM) was created to simulate the (S)VOC emission profiles. Theoretical and experimental results obtained in a Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor (μ-CTE™) and in 24 L emission test chamber measurements were in good agreement. Further properties were investigated concerning the material applicability, such as shelf life and inter-laboratory comparability. The maximum relative standard deviation in the inter-laboratory study was found to be 20%.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are ubiquitous in the indoor air since they are emitted from materials used indoors. Investigations of these materials are mostly carried out in emission test chambers under controlled climatic conditions. Reference materials are an important tool for quality assurance/Quality control of emission test chamber measurements but so far they are not commercially available. In this study, a new approach was tested to develop an appropriate reference material with homogenous and reproducible emission of the VOC with well measurable air concentrations in emission test Chambers larger than 20 L at air change rates of 0.5 - 1 /h.
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) was selected as Matrix material which was impregnated with 2,2,4- trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (texanol) as test VOC using compressed carbon dioxide. An optimization of the impregnation parameters such as temperature, pressure, time, VOC injection volume and TPU sample size was performed until the targeted area specific Emission rate (SERa) value was reached. Further aspects like process control, storage effects and correlation of the sample size to the emission rate were investigated. It was found that the SERa immediately after sample preparation were not reproducible between the batches but became unified 10 days after loading into the test chamber indicating the necessity of aging before use. SERa between 13,000 and 18,000 mg m-2 h-1 were obtained, and the impregnated materials could be well stored in aluminum-coated polyethylene foil for at least seven weeks without significant losses. Furthermore, the impregnation of styrene and the SVOC 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene was tested.
Photocatalytical degradation of selected volatile organic compounds in emission test chambers
(2014)
This work focuses on the photocatalytical degradation of selected volatile organic compounds (toluene, butyl acetate, phenol and limonene) under UV-light and blue LED-light (λ = 444 nm) at different relative humidities. Ceramic tiles coated with titanium dioxide were used as photocatalytical active material. The experiments were performed in 20 l emission test chambers with two different kinds of pollutant supply. Toluene was the compound with the highest degradation rate in all performed experiments. A degradation rate of 24 % was obtained under blue LED-light and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)% and a degradation rate up to 80 % was obtained under UV-light in dry air.
Photocatalytical degradation of selected volatile organic compounds in emission test chambers
(2014)
Photocatalysis is a promising technique to reduce volatile organic compounds indoors. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a frequently-used UV active photocatalyst. Because of the lack of UV light indoors, TiO2 has to be modified to get its working range shifted into the visible light spectrum. In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of toluene, butyl acetate and limonene was investigated under UV LED light and blue LED light in emission test chambers with catalysts either made of pure TiO2 or TiO2 modified with graphene oxide (GO). TiO2 coated with different GO amounts (0.75%–14%) were investigated to find an optimum ratio for the photocatalytic degradation of VOC in real indoor air concentrations. Most experiments were performed at a relative humidity of 0% in 20 L emission test chambers. Experiments at 40% relative humidity were done in a 1 m³ emission test chamber to determine potential byproducts. Degradation under UV LED light could be achieved for all three compounds with almost all tested catalyst samples up to more than 95%. Limonene had the highest degradation of the three selected volatile organic compounds under blue LED light with all investigated catalyst samples.