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Process analytical technology (PAT) is a cross-sectional technology and thus essential for future smart production. While in the past decades, the focus of process optimization strategies was on increasing efficiency, in the future, the focus will be on the sustainability of a production and its products. In addition, products will be increasingly personalized in order to match the property profile exactly to the intended use. PAT is able to provide context-sensitive information at the molecular level for process control. Spectroscopic sensors can determine inline and simultaneously both the chemical composition and its sub-microscopic morphology. The article will focus on the optical spectroscopy and therefore starts with a brief introduction on the basic concepts of molecular spectroscopy. In addition, the particularities of measuring liquids, surfaces, or particulate systems in PAT applications are described. This should enable the reader to select the appropriate method for the specific problem. Many examples from everyday industrial practice illustrate the applications. The areas covered are the manufacturing industry, process and pharmaceutical industry, food industry, as well as biotechnology and medical technology. Future will show that PAT is especially important for applications in the field of medicine (point of care) circular economy (recycling, water–wastewater, etc.). It is important to emphasize that sustainability in industrial production can only be successful with an inter- and transdisciplinary close exchange between the different disciplines.
New developments in spectroscopic techniques for process control are, in general, driven by shortcomings of existing technology, for example, when sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and so forth do not meet the demands. The perfect process analytical method would be based on a robust and easy to handle customized technique operating in real time, come without any need for calibration, that is, be an absolute method, have a professional support, and be compliant to increasing regulatory requirements. However, there are at least trends toward such an all-in-one device suitable for every purpose.
Small, low-field NMR systems equipped with permanent magnet technology have been developed and allow for quantitative analysis as on-line instruments in a production environment. Quantitative high-resolution on-line NMR spectroscopy contributes to process understanding in pilot plant and research environments.
Laser spectroscopy is a promising field in process analysis owing to its sensitivity and selectivity. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy LIBS is a promising field for direct in situ analysis and remote sensing. Applications of quantum-cascade lasers for process analytical applications are a promising technique. Techniques such as cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), and photothermal techniques are briefly introduced.
Recent developments of new detectors have improved X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) for qualitative and quantitative on-line evaluation of the elementary composition of liquid or solid samples, regardless of whether compact or bulk material.
The chapter also introduces miscellaneous techniques such as ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS), microwave and dielectric spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, ultrasonic acoustic spectroscopy, and other methods.