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In most cases where a POD is calculated based on continuous data obtained by active thermography, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the signal, the difference of the defect signal to the background or the absolute signal is analyzed as a function of the aspect ratio (ratio of the size of a defect to its overage), although a distinct linear relationship on a linear or logarithmic scale could not be satisfactorily shown and is also not expected. Therefore, a multi-parameter probability of detection (POD) model was developed, where an â versus a continuous signal analysis was based on the linear relationship between the SNR and a multi-parameter a. This POD model is based on data which were recorded within a flash thermography round robin test with nine participants. Metal test specimens with flat bottom holes (FBHs) were analyzed by calculating the SNR of the defect signatures in the thermograms as well as in the phase images as a function of defect parameters. The linear relationship of the experimental data to the multi-parameter a was verified by comparison to data obtained from an analytical model that is considering lateral thermal heat diffusion as well as to data obtained by numerical simulation. The resulting POD curves for the thermograms and phase images give an estimation for the detectability of the FBHs with known geometry in steel using different equipment and obtained by different participants. By comparing the SNRs of FBHs with similar geometries, this POD model was transferred to aluminum and copper as well.
Low-velocity impact damages were monitored in-situ using an infrared camera before, during and after Impact load. Thermal images were recorded as a function of time at the front side (impact) as well as at the rear side of the plates using a high frame rate. In CFRP and GFRP specimens with different thicknesses and made of various types of fibers and matrix materials, different kind of damages were observed. The sizes of the heated areas being related to the damages and the amount of energy dissipated into heat was determined quantitatively as a function of impact energy and are a measure of the resistance of the different materials against impact load.
Today's civil engineering NDT needs are for quantitative, fast to apply and easy to interpret methods. They are required on site both for evaluation of existing structures/infrastructure and for quality control in new construction. With this purpose, BAM has carried out in-situ feasibility studies, using radar, impact-echo and ultrasonic-echo methods. Two examples are given of their combined application on different railway slab–track constructions, using high frequency radar, scanning impact-echo and ultrasonic array methods. The aim was to evaluate limitations and advantages, comparability and complementarity of these methods. The on-site measurements demonstrated the possibility to investigate, with good accuracy via NDT, the bonding conditions between sleepers and slab, to locate voids and measure layer thickness. The acoustic and electromagnetic methods used, were found to be complementary.
Ever larger high pressure die castings (HPDC) with ever thinner walls raise the issue of castings defects. Properties of components are often strongly influenced by inner porosity. In the case of high pressure die castings, shrinkage and gas porosity occur. Two possibilities of characterizing porosity – by microscopy and active thermography – are dealt with in two articles. In this article, the microscopic investigations are presented. In a second article, first the feasibility of thermographic detection will be discussed based on simulations and, thereafter, the experimental determination of porosity with active thermography will be described.
Systematic errors in the evaluation of uncorrected data from thermographic lock-in measurements
(2018)
Lock-in thermography (LT) is based on the correct evaluation of phase differences between the temperature oscillations at different surface regions of the object under test during periodic heating. Since the usual heating procedures contain a DC component, the actual heating pattern achieved is not harmonic. This causes systematic deviations when phase differences are determined by means of harmonic analysis, e.g. with FFT analysis. The resulting errors depend clearly on the ratio between DC and AC amplitude, which is demonstrated at simulated and experimentally recorded temperature transients. Further experimental LT data obtained by different oscillating energy inputs showed a variety of possible shapes of transients with different DC components.
This study evaluates whether subsurface features in rotor blades, mainly made of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics (GFRP), can generally be detected with ‘‘solar thermography”. First, the suitability of the sun is tested for acting as a heat source for applying active thermography on a 30 mm thick GFRP test specimen. Second, a defective rotor blade segment is inspected outdoors under ideal natural conditions using the sun as excitation source. Additionally, numerical FEM-simulations are performed and the comparability between experiment and simulation is evaluated for outdoor measurements.