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Anwendung des instrumentierten Kerbschlagbiegeversuchs zur Abschätzung der Rissauffangzähigkeit
(2001)
Die moderne Bauteilsicherheitsbewertung basiert auf Methoden der Bruchmechanik unter Anwendung von bruchmechanischen Kennwerten, die den Werkstoffwiderstand gegen Rissinitiierung und Rissfortschritt sowie das Rissauffangverhalten charakterisieren. Die experimentelle Ermittlung der Rissarrestzähigkeit ist im Allgemeinen jedoch schwierig und aufwendig. In diesem Beitrag werden Korrelationen für die Abschätzung der Sprödbruch-Übergangstemperatur (TNDT) und der Rissarrestzähigkeit (KIa) mit Hilfe einer Übergangstemperatur, die der Rissauffangkraft im instrumentierten Kerbschlagbiegeversuch entspricht, vorgestellt. Als Kriterien für den Zähigkeitsübergang gelten die an Charpy-V-Proben gemessene Rissauffangkraft 4 kN und die nach Master-Curve-Ansatz berechnete mittlere Rissarrestzähigkeit 100 MPam. Die für verschiedene Baustähle vorgeschlagenen Korrelationen zwischen den Übergangstemperaturen T(Fa = 4 kN), T(KIa) und TNDT werden am Beispiel des Stahles 18Ch2MFA bestätigt.
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) is the competent authority for mechanical and thermal safety assessment of transport packages for spent fuel and high level waste in Germany. In context with package design approval of the new German high level waste cask CASTOR® HAW28M, BAM performed several drop tests with a half scale model of the CASTOR® HAW/TB2. The cask is manufactured by Gesellschaft für Nuklear Service mbH and was tested under accident transport conditions on the 200 tons BAM drop test facility at the BAM Test Site Technical Safety. For this comprehensive test program, the test specimen CASTOR® HAW/TB2 was instrumented at 21 measurement planes with altogether 23 piezo resistive accelerometers, five temperature sensors and 131 triaxial strain gauges in the container interior and exterior respectively. The strains of four representative lid bolts were recorded by four uniaxial strain gauges per each bolt. Helium leakage rate measurements were performed before and after each test in the above noted testing sequence. The paper presents some experimental results of the half scale CASTOR® HAW/TB2 prototype (14 500 kg) and measurement data logging. It illustrates the extensive instrumentation and analyses that are used by BAM for evaluating the cask performance to the mechanical tests required by regulations. Although some of the quantitative deceleration, velocity and strain values cannot be shown because of confidentially issues, they are provided qualitatively to illustrate the types of measurements and methodologies used at BAM.
BAM is the responsible authority in Germany for the assessment of the mechanical and thermal design safety of packages for the transport of radioactive materials. The assessment has to cover the proof of brittle fracture safety for package components made of potentially brittle materials. This paper gives a survey of the regulatory and technical requirements for such an assessment according to BAM's new 'Guidelines for the application of ductile cast iron for transport and storage casks for radioactive materials'. Based on these guidelines, higher stresses than before will be permissible, but it is necessary to put more effort into the safety assessment procedure. The fundamentals of such a proof using the methods of fracture mechanics are presented. The recommended procedure takes into account the guidelines of the IAEA's advisory material which are based on the prevention of crack initiation. Examples of BAM's research and safety assessment practices are given. Recommendations for further developments towards package designs with higher acceptable stress levels will conclude the paper.
The performance of shock absorbers has been tested in specific regulatory drop tests onto an unyielding target at the BAM drop test facility. Optical surface digitisation methods have been used to measure, analyse and evaluate permanent deformations of shock absorbers more systematically. The measurement principle of the used fringe projection technique and its technical application to shock absorber investigations is explained in detail. Furthermore, examples of shock absorber testing results as well as final data visualisation are given in the present paper.
Drop and fire testing of spent fuel and HLW transport casks at 'BAM test site technical safety'
(2011)
BAM, as a competent German government institute for the mechanical and thermal testing of radioactive material transport and storage containers, operates unique drop and fire test facilities for experimental investigations on the open air BAM Test Site Technical Safety. To be able to perform even drop tests with full scale spent fuel or HAW casks (i.e. the German CASTOR cask designs), BAM constructed in 2004 a large drop test facility capable to handle 200 ton test objects, and to drop them onto a steel plate covered unyielding target with a mass of nearly 2600 ton. Drop test campaigns of the 181 ton GNS CONSTOR V/TC, the 129 ton MHI MSF-69BG and a 1:2 scale model of the GNS CASTOR HAW28M (CASTOR HAW/TB2) have been performed since then. The experimental BAM drop testing activities can be supported also by drop testing of smaller packages (up to 2 ton) in an in-house test facility and by dynamic, guided impact testing of package components and material specimen inside a new drop test machine. In May 2008, a new modern fire test facility was put into operation. The facility provides two test stands fired with liquid propane. Testing in every case has to be completed by computational investigations, where BAM operates appropriate finite element modelling on appropriate computer codes, e.g. ABAQUS, LS-DYNA, ANSYS and other analytical tools.