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Im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch hat man sich damit abgefunden, dass der Begriff "Risiko" die Möglichkeit eines Verlustes oder eines Schadens umschreibt. Nur in wenigen Fällen, meist im privaten Bereich, ist man sich darüber bewusst, dass das Eingehen eines Risikos auch mit einem Gewinn verbunden sein kann. In der Technik, im Bereich der öffentlich-technischen Sicherheit, wird der Begriff "Risiko" ausschließlich im Sinne eines "Schadenrisikos" benutzt, welches es zu verringern gilt. Die Verfahren zur Ermittlung und Qualifizierung von Risiken sind bekannt. Kompliziert wird es jedoch dann, wenn diese Risiken zu bewerten sind. Im folgenden Beitrag werden dazu Lösungsansätze vorgeschlagen.
The effectiveness of pressure relief devices on cylinders and tanks from a German point of view
(2002)
Fire accidents during road and rail transport are not occurring very often. In particular fire accidents with total fire engulfment of tanks seem to be rather rare. Up to now authorities in Europe officially are of the opinion that in densely populated regions like Europe in the space of time between the beginning of a fire and the rupture of a tank measures could be taken like cooling of the heated tank surface and evacuation of the area probably affected by an explosion. Therefore, no requirements with regard to fire protection measures concerning transport tanks for land mode like the application of safety relief devices have to be met. Due to some catastrophic accidents being discussed in public even European authorities are considering the pros and cons of fire protection measures.
Nevertheless in sparsely populated regions and during transport at sea fire accidents have been looked at since ever as seriously dangerous events. Therefore, multi modal tanks for the transport of dangerous goods have to be fitted with safety relief devices. The delivery capacity of these devices has to be such that, in the event of total fire engulfment, the pressure inside the tank does not exceed certain limits.
With regard to accident records and results of fire tests it has to be stated that portable tanks may rupture violently, even if the tanks are fitted with pressure-relief devices adequately designed for the heat flux of full fire engulfment.
Therefore, the lecture will be dealing with the results of fire testing of tanks and conclusions to be drawn and considerations on:
the advantages of different fire protection measures for transport tanks,
the pros and cons of safety relief devices for cylinders and transport tanks,
improvement of regulations and recommendations.