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Acoustic levitation is used as a newtool to study concentration-dependent processes influorescence
spectroscopy. With this technique, small amounts of liquid and solid samples can be measured
without the need for sample supports or containers, which often limits signal acquisition and
can even alter sample properties due to interactions with the support material. We demonstrate
that, because of the small sample volume, fluorescence measurements at high concentrations
of an organic dye are possible without the limitation of inner-filter effects, which hamper such
experiments in conventional, cuvette-based measurements. Furthermore, we show that acoustic
levitation of liquid samples provides an experimentally simple way to study distance-dependent
fluorescence modulations in semiconductor nanocrystals. The evaporation of the solvent during
levitation leads to a continuous increase of solute concentration and can easily be monitored by
laser-induced fluorescence.
During the mineralisation of metal carbonates MCO3 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Cd, Pb) liquid-like amorphous intermediates emerge. These intermediates that form via a liquid/liquid phase separation behave like a classical emulsion and are stabilized electrostatically. The occurrence of these intermediates is attributed to the formation of highly hydrated networks whose stability is mainly based on weak interactions and the variability of the metal-containing pre-critical clusters. Their existence and compositional freedom are evidenced by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Liquid intermediates in non-classical crystallisation pathways seem to be more common than assumed.
Many of todays analytical problems are characterized by small
sample volumes and can only be solved through a corresponding
miniaturisation of the analytical instrumentation. Handling of
small-sample volumes is inherently difficult due to contamination
and sorption processes on the walls of containers.
Acoustic levitation is a powerful tool for contact-free sample
handling of solid, liquid, and selected gaseous samples. In addition,
levitation permits a chemical pre-treatment such as enrichment,
extraction, and derivatisation as well as combination with other
analytical techniques such as optical spectroscopy. Acoustically
levitated liquid and solid samples are typically in a range between
0.005-5 µl (diameter 0.2-2 mm respectively) and are suspended
in a gaseous environment by a stationary ultrasonic field. Acoustic
levitation avoids sample contamination and sorption processes by
container walls, but suffers from evaporation and loss of solvents.
Nonetheless, it is of great impact for the characterization of small
samples. Exact determination of volume is inherently important to
find out the resultant concentration in evaporating droplets. Levitation
is a possibility to characterise the starting conditions of crystallisation
and polymerisation. Even for spectroscopic methods the
correct information on shape, size and concentration of samples
are indispensable.
To determine the size and volume of levitated samples, different
methods of contactless droplet size monitoring were developed and
compared in detail. They give the initial values for modelling of
evaporation effects. In addition, for balancing evaporation and condensation
on levitated drops during the experiments, non-contact
techniques of solvent and reagent supply have been tested.
Here, the advantages of acoustic levitation are demonstrated for on
line analysis of crystallisation in a levitated droplet. The evaporation
and formation of crystals is observed via time-resolved X-ray
diffraction using synchrotron radiation at BESSY. Wall-free
crystallisation in an acoustic levitator gives a tool to prove existing
models concerning crystallisation processes. Furthermore the
occurrence of polymorphic modifications depending on different
conditions can be detected in situ under different and adjustable
conditions.
A combination of two analytical methods, time-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, is presented as a novel tool for crystallization studies. An acoustic levitator was employed as sample environment. This setup enables the acquisition of XRD and Raman data in situ simultaneously within a 20 s period and hence permits investigation of polymorphic phase transitions during the crystallization process in different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane, acetonitrile). These real time measurements allow the determination of the phase content from the onset of the first crystalline molecular assemblies to the stable system. To evaluate the capability of this approach, the setup was applied to elucidate the crystallization process of the polymorphic compound nifedipine. The results indicate the existence of solvent-dependent transient phases during the crystallization process. The quality of the data allowed the assignment of the lattice constants of the hitherto unknown crystal structure of the β-polymorph.
Molecular masses and end groups of polystyrene (PS) formed in a novel container-less polymerization strategy, based on levitated droplets in an acoustic trap, were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
Die Ultraschallfalle bietet eine besondere Möglichkeit zur Handhabung von Proben im Mikrolitermaßstab. Durch die akustische Levitation wird die Probe kontaktfrei in einer gasförmigen Umgebung positioniert und somit dem Einfluss fester Oberflächen entzogen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Möglichkeiten der Ultraschallfalle für den Einsatz in der Analytik experimentell untersucht. Durch die Kopplung mit typischen kontaktlosen Analysemethoden wie der Spektroskopie und der Röntgenstreuung werden die Vorteile dieser Levitationstechnik an verschiedenen Materialien wie anorganischen, organischen, pharmazeutischen Substanzen bis hin zu Proteinen, Nano- und Mikropartikeln demonstriert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Nutzung der akustischen Levitation zuverlässig eine berührungslose Probenhandhabung für den Einsatz spektroskopischer Methoden (LIF, Raman) sowie erstmalig Methoden der Röntgenstreuung (EDXD, SAXS, WAXS) und Röntgenfluoreszenz (RFA, XANES) ermöglicht. Für alle genannten Methoden erwies sich die wandlose Probenhalterung als vorteilhaft. So sind die Untersuchungsergebnisse vergleichbar mit denen herkömmlicher Probenhalter und übertreffen diese teilweise hinsichtlich der Datenqualität. Einen besonderen Erfolg stellt die Integration des akustischen Levitators in die experimentellen Aufbauten der Messplätze am Synchrotron dar. Die Anwendung der Ultraschallfalle am BESSY konnte im Rahmen dieser Arbeit etabliert werden und bildet derzeit die Grundlage intensiver interdisziplinärer Forschung. Außerdem wurde das Potential der Falle zur Aufkonzentration erkannt und zum Studium verdunstungskontrollierter Prozesse angewendet. Die wandfreie und konzentrationsabhängige Untersuchung über einen Volumenbereich von drei Größenordnungen an derselben Probe ist eine einzigartige Möglichkeit. So konnte wesentlich zur Aufklärung von Fragestellungen der unterschiedlichen Forschungsgebiete beigetragen werden. Diese Untersuchungen sind die ersten in situ Studien der Agglomeration in einem akustisch levitierten Tropfen, angefangen von kleinen (an)organischen Molekülen über Proteine bis hin zu Nanopartikeln. Zusammenfassend eröffnen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit einen breiten Anwendungsbereich zur Benutzung der Ultraschallfalle als analytisches Werkzeug.