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In the present study, a novel and reliable analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TDBP-TAZTO) and 2,4,6-tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBP-TAZ) in environmental samples using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer.
Firstly, for optimization of the liquid chromatography separation, mobile phases, oven temperatures, modifiers, and buffers were varied. Afterwards, the extraction efficiency of sediment and fish samples was tested with different techniques (pressurized liquid, solid-liquid, ultrasound-assisted, and Soxhlet extraction). Additionally, cleanup using modified multilayer silica gel (sediment) and gel permeation chromatography as well as Florisil® columns (fish) with several solvent mixtures were performed. The best results were obtained with the pressurized liquid extraction (optimal conditions: extraction solvent 100% toluene, extraction time 20 min, cycles two, extraction temperature 100 °C, and flushing volume 60%) compared to other solvent extraction methods. On the basis of this optimized analytical procedure, the method was validated with satisfactory values of correlation coefficient (R2) between 0.998 and 0.999 for both matrices in the calibration range of 2.0–502.0 μg kg−1 for TDBP-TAZTO and 16.6–770.6 μg kg−1 for TTBP-TAZ in sediment samples as well as 4.8–303.5 μg kg−1 and 47.4–742.5 μg kg−1 in fish samples (bream), respectively.Mean recoveries (n=5) were calculated for both analytes with spiked matrices at one concentration level (100 μg kg−1) between 98 and 114% with intra-day relative standard deviations less than 11%. The inter-day precision (n = 15) was also acceptable for both compounds < 11%. It was found that the limit of detection and limit of quantification were in the range of 0.4–1.3 μg kg−1 for TDBP-TAZTO and 10–28 μg kg−1 for TTBP-TAZ in surface sediment samples and 7–25 μg kg−1 and 22–80 μg kg−1 in fish samples (bream), respectively. The results indicated that these analytical methods could provide reliable and efficient approaches for quantification of TDBP-TAZTO and TTBPTAZ in sediment and fish samples.
The occurrence and fate of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the environment are topics of increasing concern. In recent years, numerous studies about their global transport, UV degradation, bioaccumulation and toxicity were performed to assess their environmental fate. Thus, most of the first generation BFRs are banned or restricted, and replaced by new ones. However, based on similar properties these new compounds may also pose a serious risk by causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) the class of the “emerging” BFRs are defined as compounds that have been identified in any environmental compartments, but the potential for degradation or bioaccumulation of these emerging BFRs is partially unknown.
A representative of this class of compounds is the heterocyclic hexabrominated TDBP-TAZTO which was first detected in mollusks from Chinese bohai sea and in environmental matrices near a manufacturing plant in southern china. Furthermore, Wang et al. describe that the growth of the alga Nannochloropsis sp. is inhibited by TDBP-TAZTO in a concentration dependent manner but the photo-chemical behavior as well as the formation of possible photo-transformation products (PTPs) are still unknown. In order to clarify this complex issue photo-degradation experiments were by determining the rate constants and degradation half-life times of TDBP-TAZTO in different solvent compositions. In this study, the photodegradation of TDBP-TAZTO was performed for the first time to identify its photolysis products and to get a first understanding about the main degradation pathway in environmental matrices.
Phototransformation of the “emerging” BFR 1,3,5-Tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trione
(2017)
The occurrence and fate of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the environment are topics of increasing concern. In recent years, numerous studies about their global transport, UV degradation, bioaccumulation and toxicity were performed to assess their environmental fate. As a result, most of the first generation BFRs are banned or restricted, and replaced by new ones. However, based on similar properties these new compounds may also pose a serious risk by causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) the class of the “emerging” BFRs are defined as compounds that have been identified in any environmental compartments, but the potential for degradation or bioaccumulation of these emerging BFRs is partially unknown.
A representative of this class of compounds is the heterocyclic TDBP-TAZTO which was first detected in mollusks from Chinese bohai sea and in environmental matrices near a manufacturing plant in southern china. Furthermore, Wang et al. describe that the growth of the alga Nannochloropsis sp. is inhibited by TDBP-TAZTO in a concentration dependent manner but the photo-chemical behavior as well as the formation of possible photo-transformation products (PTPs) are still unknown. In order to clarify this complex issue photo-degradation experiments were by determining the rate constants and degradation half-life times of TDBP-TAZTO in different solvent compositions. In this study, the photodegradation of TDBP-TAZTO was performed for the first time to identify its photolysis products and to get a first understanding about the main degradation pathway in environmental matrices.
Die Gruppe der polybromierten Flammschutzmittel (PBFSM) umfasst strukturell verschiedene Verbindungen, die zur Reduzierung der Entflammbarkeit von Polymeren eingesetzt werden. Aufgrund ihrer globalen Verteilung, möglichen Persistenz, Bioakkumulation und Toxizität ist die Nutzung der meisten Vertreter der ersten PBFSM-Generation u.a. in der Europäischen Union verboten oder nur noch eingeschränkt zugelassen. Daher wurden diese z.T. durch neue PBFSM ersetzt. Bedingt durch ähnliche Eigenschaften kann von diesen neuen Verbindungen aber ebenfalls ein ernstes Risiko für die menschliche Gesundheit und Umwelt ausgehen. Vertreter dieser neuen Verbindungen, die bereits in Umweltkompartimenten nachgewiesen werden konnten, werden hierbei als „emerging“ PBFSM bezeichnet.
Das Umweltverhalten dieser alternativen PBFSM ist bislang weitgehend unerforscht. Ein Untersuchungsschwerpunkt lag in den letzten Jahren u.a. auf dem Gebiet möglicher photochemischer Abbaureaktionen ausgewählter Vertreter dieser PBFSM in Umwelt¬matrices. Dabei wurden potentielle Photo-Transformationsprodukte (PTPs) in Simulationsstudien bzw. Umweltproben nachgewiesen, wobei als Hauptabbauweg die UV-induzierte photolytische Debromierung identifiziert wurde.
Um eine Einschätzung über das Umweltverhalten bzw. die Bildung von PTPs für das heterozyklische „emerging“ PBFSM 1,3,5-Tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2,4,6-trion (Abb. 1) vornehmen zu können, wurden u.a. Abbaukinetiken sowie die Quantenausbeute des UV-(C) Experiments ermittelt. Weiterhin sollte der Einfluss von OH-Radikalen und des Singulett-Sauerstoffs 1O2 auf den Abbau-mechanismus durch die Zugabe verschiedener Inhibitoren/Scavenger mit anschließender HPLC-MS und zur Identifizierung der gebildeten PTPs mit HRMS Detektion geklärt werden. Ziel der präsentierten Arbeit ist es, ein erstes Verständnis des Umweltverhaltens zu entwickeln, um so eine Bewertung zur toxikologischen Relevanz dieser Verbindung bzw. deren Photo-Transformations-produkte geben zu können.