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Infrastructure is subject to continuous ageing. This has given life cycle management of infrastructure an increasing role. Reliable inspection and monitoring tools are therefore an increasing demand. A combination of different non-destructive test methods is often necessary to receive reliable results for material characterization,
flaw detection and the determination of component specific geometry parameters.
Regarding concrete structures thickness measurements are combined with flaw detection and additional information about reinforcement and tendon ducts is required.
Therefore, a multi-sensor measurement approach is necessary with a high degree of automation. Otherwise a time consuming succession of manual measurements has to be performed which would prevent practical applications. A modular control and data acquisition approach is described and the application of two different automated measurement devices is shown. The BetoScan system consists of a self-navigating
mobile robot. The system is especially designed for the investigation of reinforced concrete floors exposed to de-icing salts. The data acquisition of the OSSCAR system a multi-sensor scanner is similar to the robot approach. These different applications are based on a similar kernel allowing the modular use of different contact and noncontact sensors. The described general concept of multi-sensor data acquisition and data analysis presented here is not limited to the field of civil engineering applications.
Automated multi-sensor systems in civil engineering for condition assessment of concrete structures
(2012)
Eine Vielzahl zerstörungsfreier Prüfverfahren hat in den letzten Jahren Einzug in die Bauwerksuntersuchung gehalten. Um die Aussagekraft der Einzelverfahren zu erhöhen und den wirtschaftlichen Einsatz weiter voranzubringen, lag es nahe, die Verfahren kombiniert auf einer automatisierten Plattform zu montieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde das BetoScan-System entwickelt. Um weitere Erfahrungen mit dem BetoScan-System zu erhalten, wurde ein langjährig genutztes Parkhaus aus Stahlbeton mit Gussasphaltfahrbahn als Untersuchungsobjekt ausgewählt. Bei der experimentellen Bauwerksuntersuchung wurden die Verfahren Wirbelstrom, Radar, Ultraschall und Mikrowelle zum Einsatz gebracht. Von der Anwendung des Systems und der Auswertung der Ergebnisse wird in diesem Beitrag berichtet.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In recent years a variety of non-destructive evaluation methods are more and more used for the inspection of constructions. Increasing the information value of inspections and the economic aspects of applications leads to a combination of methods on an automated system. Therefore, the BetoScan robot was developed. Gaining more experience in applications was realized with the inspection of a car park which was unused for several years. The building was made of reinforced concrete with melted asphalt as floor coating. Within the frame of the inspections eddy current, radar, ultrasound and microwaves were used. The application of the BetoScan system and the results are presented in this article.
Ultrasound sensors should be embedded into concrete for monitoring concrete properties. These new longitudinal wave sensors with a center frequency of 60 kHz were examined regarding their suitability for ultrasonic measurements in concrete structures in terms of emission characteristics, sensitivity and frequency ränge.
For the measurement of the radiation patterns, the sensors were embedded vertically and horizontally in concrete cylinders. The directivity pattern was measured using a laser vibrometer.
The sensitivity of the sensor was determined in water using different sensors of the same type. It shows changes in the signal amplitude as well as variations in the frequency ränge for different transmitter-receiver combinations.
The attenuation of the concrete affects the achievable resolution of the measurements and thus, the maximum possible spacing of the sensors within a concrete element. Experimental tests helped optimizing the distances with respect to the required resolution and the effort of embedding the sensors. The signal attenuation in the concrete was measured in the frequency ränge of 60 kHz in response to various degrees of reinforcement and grain size. For this purpose, the sensors were cast at different distances in the specimens studied. The recorded Signals were evaluated for their amplitude and frequency spectrum.
Control and data acquisition of automated multi-sensor systems - two examples from civil engineering
(2010)
Bestandsaufnahme und Zustandsanalyse von Brücken und Parkhäusern mit automatisierten Verfahren
(2010)
Anhand eines erfolgreichen Messeinsatzes an einer Spannbetonbrücke, deren Querspannglieder zuverlässig lokalisiert und nachfolgend instandgesetzt werden sollen, wird die Vorgehensweise der Radarmessung mit zwei verschiedenen Polarisationsrichtungen der Antenne zur Unterscheidung von unterschiedlichen Arten der Bewehrungen ausführlich erklärt. Das Radarverfahren eignet sich sehr gut für die zerstörungsfreie Ortung von Bewehrung in Stahlbetonbauwerken. Insbesondere lässt sich mit dem Verfahren vorgespannte Bewehrung bis in einer Tiefe von ca. 30 cm und bei einem normalen Bewehrungsgrad (Maschenweite >10 cm) der schlaffen Bewehrung zuverlässig auffinden. Seit einigen Jahren wird das Radarverfahren erfolgreich im Vorfeld einer schadensfreien Kernbohrung im Rahmen von Ertüchtigungsmaßnahmen von Stahlbetonbrücken mit externen Spanngliedern angewendet. Aufgrund der Lage und dem Verlauf der vorgespannten Bewehrung in Hohlkastenseitenwänden und Plattenbalken kann eine vorgespannte Bewehrung von schlaffer Bewehrung in diesen Bauwerken sehr gut unterschieden werden. Diese Unterscheidungsmerkmale lassen sich aber bei Querspanngliedern in einer Fahrbahnplatte nur selten anwenden, da häufig die Überdeckung und der Abstand der schlaffen Bewehrung und der Querspannglieder ähnlich sind. In diesem Beitrag wird beschrieben, wie der gezielte Einsatz verschiedener Polarisationsrichtungen der Antenne zu einer zuverlässigen Unterscheidung von schlaffer Bewehrung und Spanngliedern beiträgt und damit zu einer verbesserten bildgebenden Darstellung der inneren Konstruktion der Fahrbahnplatte führt.
The research project "Ultrasonic Net for Concrete Monitoring (UNeCOM)" aims at developing a methodology for an embedded ultrasonic network for the condition assessment of infrastructure constructions. Civil engineering structures made of concrete, which are located in tectonically active regions or undergo special loading conditions, may require continuous monitoring. It is important to assess the condition of the building and its stability to recognise and classify the effect of a seismic event or evolving damage at early stages before failure occurs. Embedded ultrasonic sensors offer the possibility to detect changes in the material and degradation mechanisms from inside the structure in areas which are difficult or impossible to inspect otherwise. In contrast to conventional ultrasonic testing methods, where the concrete surfaces are scanned with ultrasound probes, this new approach uses sensors, which are embedded into concrete, eliminating the effect of variable coupling conditions between sensors and concrete. This method allows an integral detection of changes in the concrete structure, for example due to seismic activities, to detect mechanical impacts, as well as degradation of the material due to overloading. Such methods have great relevance especially for the monitoring of constructions like power plants, bridges, offshore structures and other structures with high technical safety requirements. The sensor network can be controlled remotely through the internet which is also being used for data transfer. The embedded sensor network is designed to monitor structural damage and concrete degradation globally with high sensitivity.