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Experimentelle Untersuchung zum Einfluss eines neuen pyrotechnischen Zünders auf die ermittelten STK
(2010)
Safety characteristics are essential for the design of preventive and protective explosion measures. According to international Standards explosion characteristics of dust clouds are determined in 20-L-sphere and l-m3-vessel.
The ignition of respective dust samples is realized vvith special pyrotechnical igniters with energy of 1 kJ or 5 kJ vvhich are defined in the testing Standards. However Sobbe in Germany is the only Company at the moment which sells such igniters.
The paper presents results of a comparative study between the 5 kJ Sobbe igniter and a 5 kJ igniter manufactured by Sirnex in Czech Republic. The study has been conducted under participation of BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA).
Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsmittel und Gastgewerbe (BGN) and Swiss Institute for Promotion of Safety and Security (Swissi).
For the study six dusts from different product groups with various explosion severities and ignitabilities were chosen.
The tests were carried out in the 20-L-sphere as well as in the l-m3-vessel. Maximum explosion overpressure Pmax, dust explosion constant Kst and lower explosion limit LEL were determined. Furthermore tests with a high speed and a thermal imaging camera were carried out, in order to compare burning time and flame pattern of Sobbe and Simex
igniter.
Die Nanotechnologie gilt als die Wachstumsbranche der nächsten Jahrzehnte. Während die gesundheitlichen Wirkungen von nanoskaligen Materialien bereits in zahlreichen Studien und Forschungsvorhaben näher untersucht wurden und werden, sind die Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse über Brand- und Explosionsgefahren von Stäuben im Nanometerbereich bzw. von Partikeln < 1 µm bislang noch kaum erforscht. Die Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen von Nanostäuben – die die Grundlage für eine Gefährdungsbeurteilung und das Auslegen von Schutzmaßnahmen bilden – erfolgte bislang nur in sehr geringem Umfang. Die Untersuchungen wurden zudem in Analogie zu den Verfahren für Mikrostäube durchgeführt. Es wurde jedoch weder überprüft, ob die für Mikrostäube etablierten Prüfverfahren für eine sichere Bewertung des Brenn- und Explosionsverhaltens geeignet sind, noch ob durch freigesetzten Staub bei einer entsprechenden Ermittlung der Kenngrößen Gesundheitsrisiken bestehen. Der Beitrag beschreibt den Stand des Wissens im Bereich Brand- und Explosionsschutz für Stäube im Nanometerbereich und berichtet über ein bei der BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung laufendes Projekt zur Beseitigung der momentanen Defizite, gefördert von der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (DGUV) sowie verschiedenen Berufsgenossenschaften.
NM 105, Ti02 (P25) could not be ignited as dust layer and dispersed in air as dust/air-mixture as well. This dust is not dust explosible and the burning behaviour corresponds to Burning Class 1 (no Ignition). The results have shown that the tested sample is thus not combustible at all, because it is already oxidized completely.
This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). The aim of this modification was to determine, whether or not the current setup and procedures underestimate the explosion violence and ignitability of nano powders. For this purpose, two different methods, the so called inerting method and the modified method (using a special nozzle called mushroom nozzle) are used. Both methods are described in the paper. The work includes experimental results of micrometer dusts to validate the modified method. Moreover first results of nanometer iron and aluminium dusts are presented, which were kept at inert conditions until shortly before the ignition. The tested nano iron was found to react pyrophoric, as soon as it gets in contact with air, while the tested nano aluminium did not generally show such behaviour. Tests with nano aluminium using the inerting method revealed a higher pressure rise in comparison to the standard test procedure. This could suggest a different extent of passivation. To investigate this effect more closely, further testes with more nano powders are required.
Modified setup of 20-L-sphere for the determination of safety characteristics of nano powders
(2013)
This paper describes a modified experimental setup for the test apparatus 20-L-Sphere (also known as 20-L Siwek Chamber), that enables the test samples to be kept under inert atmospheric conditions nearly until ignition. This setup was designed to allow the determination of safety characteristics of nanopowders under most critical circumstances (e.g. minimisation of the influence of oxidation before the test itself). The aim of this modification was to determine, whether or not the current setup and procedures underestimate the explosion violence and ignitability of nanopowders. The work includes experimental results of micrometer dusts to validate the modified setup. Moreover first results of nanometer iron and Aluminium dusts are presented, which were kept at inert conditions until shortly before the ignition. The tested nano iron was found to react pyrophoric, as soon as it gets in contact with air, while the tested nano Aluminium did not generally show such behaviour.