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Experiments in this study reveal that the initiating capability ofcommonly used squibs is not high enough to initiate PETN in all cases. The fulfilment of the 'new ’ essential safety requirement 4 as set out in the European directive 2013/29/EU and the categorization of squibs as theatrical pyrotechnic articles (T2) can therefore be justified, as the explosive investigated belongs to quite a sensitive type (Initiation with low Impulse energiespossible). Underwater initiating capability tests according to EN 13763-15 led to meaningful results, showing that squibs are usually unable to initiate a secondary explosive. For a general assessment of the initiating capability of squibs and comparable (theatrical) pyrotechnic articles a threshold ränge of an equivalent initiation capability in grams of PETN on the basis of the performed underwater initiating capability tests was determined. It was found that squibs are generally not capable of initiating secondary explosives if the underwater initiating capability fest showed an equivalent Initiation capability below 0.25 g PETN. As a consequence of this result, the underwater initiating capability fest gives an effective and safer alternative to the experimental confirmation of the ‘new ’ESR 4 by direct contact of the article with the secondary explosive and should then be preferred to it.
Zwei Verfahren, der Unterwasser-Test und der Plate-Dent-Test, wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung zur indirekten Bestimmung
der Zündstärke von Zündern untersucht. Die Einflüsse verschiedener Sekundärladungsmassen und unterschiedlichen
Hülsenmaterials von Zündern standen hierbei im Vordergrund.
Der Unterwasser-Test, bei dem als Maß für die Zündstärke die Stoß- und Blasenenergie eines Zünders ermittelt werden,
erwies sich als probate und genaue Bestimmungsmethode. Zünder mit unterschiedlichen Sekundärladungsmassen waren
eindeutig differenzierbar. Das Hülsenmaterial hatte nur einen vernachlässigbaren Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse.
Der Plate-Dent-Test, bei dem die Abmaße des gebildeten Kraters zur indirekten Bestimmung der Zündstärke herangezogen
werden, zeigte gegenteilige Effekte. Ab einem Ladungslänge-Durchmesser-Verhältnis von größer zwei war eine Differenzierung
von Zündern verschiedener Sekundärladungsmasse nicht mehr möglich. Außerdem hatte das Hülsenmaterial
einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Kraterbildung. Der Plate-Dent-Test ist somit nur für den direkten Vergleich der Zündstärken
baugleicher Zünder z. B. unter variierenden Umweltbedingungen geeignet.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two procedures – the underwater test and the plate-dent-test – were examined concerning their applicability for the indirect
determination of the initiating capability of detonators. At this the focus was on the influence of varying explosive masses
and different shell material.
At the underwater test the initiating capability is determined indirectly by measurement and calculation of the shock and
bubble energy. This method proved to be effective and accurate. Detonators with different secondary charge masses could
be distinguished clearly and the shell material had only a negligible influence on the energy release.
The plate-dent-test, at which the dimensions of the formed dent are an indirect measure for the initiating capability, showed
the contrary effects. A differentiation of detonators was proved to be impossible when a relation of charge length to diameter
greater than two was reached. Furthermore, it could be shown that the shell material had significant influence on the
dent formation. Therefore, the plate-dent-test is only suitable for the direct comparison of identical detonators, e. g. under
varying environmental conditions.
Amuay refinery disaster (2012) is another recent example of Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE) and fire accidents preceded by Buncefield (2005), Puerto-Rico (2009) and Jaipur (2009), respectively [9]. The incident has left many safety issues behind which must be repeatedly addressed. Unfortunately, the lessons taught by previous similar events are just not understood carefully. It reveals that the proper safety measures for such facilities were either underestimated or were not accounted seriously. Consequently, the resulting overpressures from explosion and the subsequent thermal radiation from tank fires have once again proved to be disastrous to both mankind and infrastructure. This article highlights the aftermaths of Amuay incident and addresses the challenges put forward by it. Furthermore, a comparative study is performed between such incidents to analyze the similarities and how they could have been avoided.